scholarly journals Drinking Water Security Challenges in Rohingya Refugee Camps of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehereen Akhter ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Sanjida Marium Hridi ◽  
Chad Staddon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Access To Water

About a million Rohingyas have fled due to the ethnic cleansing in Myanmar and sought refuge in Bangladesh. The refugees are located in temporary settlements on hilly areas of Cox’s Bazar with inadequate water and sanitation facilities, giving rise to diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea. This exploratory study reports drinking water security challenges in two Rohingya refugee camps within the larger camp network—Camp 2 and the recently-built Camp 4 Extension (Camp 4Ext)—to discover the key everyday issues refugees are facing related to drinking water. Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been applied to determining whether contamination is occurring during the collection, transportation, and storage of drinking water by comparing the water quality at the source with that in storage. The results show that Camp 4Ext is more suited for living in several respects compared with the other camps, attributable to significantly better planning during its construction: there is a lower prevalence of diseases, lower water collection times, higher standards of sanitation, and better access to water sources. This study’s outcomes will help camp authorities and the various agencies working there to provide sustainable water and sanitation interventions to improve the wellness of the Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar. The outcomes will also provide useful information and strategic direction to the global scientific and development communities who are working in refugee camps in other parts of the world, to tackle water security challenges.

Water and Sanitation

2015 ◽  
pp. 153-171
Author(s):  
Abdi D. Osman ◽  
Priscilla Robinson ◽  
Vivian Lin ◽  
Darryl Jackson ◽  
Mutuku Mwanthi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Vital Resource

Globally, the provision of clean and safe drinking water to most populations has been an elusive development goal though some of us take the availability of this vital resource for granted. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target 7.C is the target, which addresses sustainability and access to water, among other developmental goals. As the preceding targets appear elusive, Kenya is now refocussing on Vision 2030. It is important to identify reasons for this to avoid a repetition during the next fifteen years. In order to discover the factors hampering these achievements, all possible contributing factors need to be investigated and the focus of this chapter is the Kenya national legislation and policies. Based on the findings, we recommend a reassessment of policies on groundwater management, reconsideration of ideal universal goals and political commitment by state and organisational accountability to identify better strategies for achieving internationally identified standards and goals.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E.O.D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

scholarly journals Analysis of Potential Mountaineering Tourism in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park in West Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Fernando Fasandra ◽  
Adhi Trirachmadi Mumin ◽  
Nurbaeti Nurbaeti
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
National Park ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Mountain Climbing ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Natural Beauty

This study aims to determine the dominant factors in potential mountaineering tourism and analyze potential strategies in terms of SWOT. This research was using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The strategy was analyzed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) methods on indicators of natural tourist attraction in the form of land, accessibility, management and service, climate, facilities / infrastructure, availability of clean water, security, and marketing. Quantitative data was collected using a questionnaire with a Likert scale, while qualitative data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Respondents for quantitative data were 100 tourists, and those for qualitative data were 21 informants consisting of technical field managers, communities, community climbers, and traveler. The results of the study showed an analysis of the potential of mountain climbing tourism in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park is quite potential and development strategy is needed. The findings in this study show SWOT matrix analysis of policy strategies for potential mountain climbing tourism in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park has the power and opportunity to develop more Progressive Strategy by making Mount Gede Pangrango National Park excellent mountain climbing tourism with its natural beauty and uniqueness.

scholarly journals Le Droit À L’eau: Un Droit Fondamental Des Autres Droits De L’homme

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ziad Tak
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Services ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Right

The right to water is a right for all and must be implemented in a nondiscriminatory manner in accordance with the conditions and limits laid down by some particular laws and regulations. In order to make the right to drinking water and sanitation a reality, water and sanitation services must be made affordable to the population as a whole. Property and access to other human rights such as the right to housing, food or health services should also be made available to the population. Internationally, several countries have recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation, but have not actually implemented it at the national level. The objective of this study is to show the importance of the implementation of the right to drinking water, so that it can be made available to all. Since the most widely traded studies on human rights were dominated by political and judicial character, I tried in this study to broaden the meaning of human rights and to provide more Rights. This is despite the fact that it has not been compensated by specific legal texts. As a result, the problem of the study is focused on water as a fundamental need of human, and access to water is part of its fundamental rights.

scholarly journals Trends in access to water and sanitation in Malawi: progress and inequalities (1992–2017)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E. O. D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Billions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for `leaving no one behind', there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992–2017), as well as to identify the most vulnerable populations in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress was generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population – foremost poorest Southern rural populations – still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest including standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase the accuracy of national estimates.

scholarly journals Who is being left behind? An analysis of improved drinking water and basic sanitation access in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Grady ◽  
Kien Van Nguyen ◽  
Thai Van Nguyen ◽  
Ernest R. Blatchley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Development Programming ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Development Goals

Abstract The global community has made tremendous strides in providing access to water and sanitation in recent decades. Driven by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which sought to halve the proportion of the global population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, billions of people now have access to these basic human rights. As the global community works to implement the next generation of development goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is critical to determine how unserved populations can be reached. To investigate indicators of water and sanitation access, surveys were conducted among 300 households in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Households with and without access to improved water or basic sanitation were identified and data from these surveys were subjected to multiple regression analyses to identify household characteristics that correlate with access. It was found that for households without access to either water or sanitation, three variables were statistically significant predictors of access: distance to local government, household floor material, and the gender of the household water manager. Predictors of access to water and sanitation were evaluated separately. This integrated water and sanitation case study draws several implications for this next phase of SDG development programming.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.29 Water Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thielbörger Pierre
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Water Wars ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Right

This chapter addresses water security, which is a contested normative concept, without clear definitions, meanings, or interpretations. With this in mind, the term ‘water security’ must be understood in two distinct ways: security through water (meaning individuals’ access to water to sustain their lives and livelihoods) and security against water (meaning the absence of water-related threats, both natural and man-made). The concept of water security as security through water is a tool to guarantee certain minimum standards of water for individuals. This aspect of water security is closely related to the idea of a human right to water as derived from and related to other human rights such as the right to life, an adequate standard of living, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. However, water can also pose threats. For instance, given its outstanding political and economic significance, the likelihood of ‘water wars’ has been discussed in international law and politics for some time. Special challenges to water security include the widespread privatization of water, climate change as catalyst for future water conflicts and water-related natural disasters, and the often forgotten ‘sanitation gap’.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Relevance of VRA Resettlement Trust Fund as a Benefit Sharing Mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Richard Twum Barimah Koranteng ◽  
Guoqing Shi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Monetary Benefit

The Volta River Authority Resettlement Trust Fund’ (VRA RTF) was established by the Ghanaian Government, with some threshold of assistance the VRA outfit. More than thirty years after the dam’s construction project got its finality, a scheme was subsequently introduce to ensure that earnings emanating from the dam’s activities would be of immense relevance to the deranged folks by providing socio-economic amenities like water and sanitation, infrastructural developmental projects among others. However, financing deficiencies appear to be an indispensable and integral setback as far as the pursuance of the Trust’s mission is concerned. The study set out to analyze the relevance of VRA RTF as a benefit sharing mechanism in Ghana, specifically, using the employees of VRA RTF in conjunction the resettlers belonging to Senchi Ferry Township (VRATFCs). Among other objectives, the study determined the distinctive relevance of RTFs to affected individuals, identified the key monetary and non-monetary benefit sharing mechanisms (BSMs) adopted by project developers for displaced individuals, in addition to the critical challenges confronting the smooth functioning of RTFs in Ghana. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of research was adopted for the study. Convenience sampling using questionnaire instrumentation was used to collect data from the staff of VRA RTF and chosen Senchi Ferry Township resettlers. A 5-Point Likert scale which was later fine-tuned into the Relative Importance Index (RII), SPSS Version 22.0 and Microsoft Excel were used for the data analysis. The results indicated the 6 distinctive relevance of RTFs at VRATFCs as water and sanitation, educational enhancement, health improvement, improvement of agricultural projects, community development via socio-cultural activities. To add to this, the 5 key monetary and non-monetary benefit sharing mechanisms as revealed by the participants’ were as follows: revenue sharing, development funds, property taxes, equity sharing as well as livelihood and restoration enhancement. More so, with reference to the critical challenges confronting the smooth functioning of RTFs at VRATFCs, 6 bottlenecks realized were as follows: improper costing of relocation packages (ineffective budgeting), inadequate compensation of displaced individuals, inactive involvement of the displaced individuals in the decision making process, insufficient grant allocation to the fund, clarity of rules and policies relating to fund disbursement, vis-à-vis questionable timing of the resettlement processes. It is recommended that the management of VRA RTF, well-informed resettlers and policy-makers at VRATFCs in Ghana and beyond strictly adheres to the establishment of project specific development funds, accountability and transparency regimes, active involvement of resettlers in the decision making process, increment of grant to the RTF, adequate compensation of displaced individuals, effective costing of relocation packages. This strategic initiatives will inadvertently go a long way to manage the issues identified during the study.

To assess the extent of psychological impact on IDP's residing in the camps of Shahmansoor, Swabi, Khyber Pukhtun Kha, Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1205-1205
Author(s):  
A.M. Khan ◽  
R. Taj
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Master's Level ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Migration

RationaleThe northern area of Pakistan is hosting the terrorist actively involved in terrorism across the country and in neighboring country of Afghanistan. Government with support of international community initiated a war against terrorism which resulted in migration of huge number of population in the effected areas which was accommodated in refugee camps mainly established in Khyber Pukhtun Kha province.ObjectiveTo assess the extent of psychological impact on IDP's residing in the camps of ShahmansoorMethodThe sample of the study was taken from the Shahmansoor camp, Swabi and was comprised of 200 individuals, including equal number of males and females. Random sampling was used in data collection. The age ranges from 18–80 years and literacy rate was estimated from illiterate people to master's level, Study tools included standardized psychological tests i.e. Pak anxiety and depression scale, and Bradford somatic inventory along with that clinical observation and interviews were also conducted. Findings of the study comprise of both qualitative and quantitative methods.ResultsMajority of the IDP's were diagnosed as having the symptoms of Somatization, along with that depression, PTSD, ASD, anxiety and insomnia also predominates.ConclusionLeaving homes and migration to camps is actually a traumatic experience. Many people felt helpless in the current situation and they were hopeless about their future, lost their confidence in proper planning for their future and the flashback of the traumatic experience tortured them. Consequently, refugee residing in camps faced multiple problems which resulted in multiple psychological problems.

scholarly journals 2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Caribbean

This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability. This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.

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