Respon Penurunan Depresi Pandemi Covid-19 Setelah Melakukan Olahraga Rekreasi Mendaki Gunung

The spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia has had a negative impact on mental health, one of which is depression. Mountain climbing sports activities are used as a means of recreational sports to train cardiovascular and refreshing. This study aims to determine the response to the decrease in the level of depression in the COVID-19 pandemic after climbing a mountain. This type of research uses a pre-experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design by climbing Mount Buthak on the Panderman route with an altitude of 2868 MDPL. The research subjects used were climbers of Mount Buthak who experienced depression symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic aged 17-30 years as many as 30 climbers, consisting of 17 men and 13 women. Parameters to measure the level of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI II) test. The climb is carried out for 2-3 days to the top of Mount Buthak at an altitude of 2868 MDPL. The analysis in this study uses t-test analysis with the application of SPSS 25. The results of this study indicate a significant change. The results of the t-test pretest and posttest obtained a t-value of 32,357 with a significant of 0.000 less than 0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a decrease in depression in the COVID-19 pandemic after doing mountain climbing. Abstrak: Penyebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia menyebabkan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan mental salah satunya depresi. Kegiatan olahraga mendaki gunung digunakan sebagai sarana olahraga rekreasi melatih kardiovaskular dan refreshing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon penurunan tingkat depresi pandemi COVID-19 setelah mendaki gunung. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode pre-eksperimental menggunakan one-group pretest-posttest design dengan melakukan pendakian Gunung Buthak jalur Panderman dengan ketinggian 2868 MDPL. Subjek penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendaki Gunung Buthak yang mengalami gejala depresi pandemi COVID-19 berusia 17-30 tahun sebanyak 30 orang pendaki, terdiri dari 17 laki-laki dan 13 perempuan. Parameter untuk mengukur tingkat depresi menggunakan tes Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI II). Pendakian dilaksanakan selama 2-3 hari hingga puncak Gunung Buthak pada ketinggian 2868 MDPL. Analisa dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis uji t dengan aplikasi SPSS 25. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan perubahan yang signifikan. Hasil uji t pretest dan posttest diperoleh nilai t sebesar 32.357 dengan signifikan sebesar 0,000 kurang dari 0,05. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah adanya penurunan depresi pandemi COVID-19 setelah melakukan olahraga mendaki gunung.

Tourism Distribution Channels in the Northern Tourist Circuit of Tanzania

<p>This study investigates the structure of tourism distribution channels in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. It explores factors influencing channel structures and also examines operational characteristics of the channels. It is a destination-based study that takes a supply-side approach. The study is based on in-depth interviews with different businesses across tourism sector at the destination. The northern tourist circuit is the heart of tourism industry in Tanzania; it is a core in a peripheral country. Tourists in the northern tourist circuit are primarily attracted by mountain climbing adventures, photographic and hunting safaris. Putting together different activities involved in a safari or adventure product requires the presence of ground tour operators. The former have links with all the suppliers at the destination and are the most knowledgeable about the destination among channel members in the destination. There is a complex relationship among channel members in the northern tourist circuit which partly contributes to the complexity of the distribution channels used. The majority of tourists who visit northern tourist circuit book their holidays through overseas agents; a few purchase directly from the suppliers. The majority of those who shop through overseas agents are package or customized tourists while most independent travellers buy their holidays directly, often making multiple purchases. Ground tour operators in Kenya are important channel members as well. This is because a significant number of tourists who visit the northern tourist circuit come through Kenya and ground tour operators there pass them down to their counterparts in Tanzania. Hunting tourists access the destinations through professional hunters, either directly or through overseas marketing agents. Secondary activities like cultural tourism rely more on "at destination" distribution as their drawing power is less than wildlife resources and adventure attractions. Factors which influence the structure of distribution in the northern tourist circuit include size of the business, nature of the attraction, tourists' preference, distance from market to destination, lack of capital and marketing knowledge. Channel performance is based on two main criteria: volume of clients the channel produces and the profit generated from the channel. Indirect channels produce more clients while direct channels are observed to generate more profit per client than indirect channels. Information technology is mainly used for creating awareness and communications. All the businesses interviewed have websites for those purposes.</p>

Tourism Distribution Channels in the Northern Tourist Circuit of Tanzania

<p>This study investigates the structure of tourism distribution channels in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. It explores factors influencing channel structures and also examines operational characteristics of the channels. It is a destination-based study that takes a supply-side approach. The study is based on in-depth interviews with different businesses across tourism sector at the destination. The northern tourist circuit is the heart of tourism industry in Tanzania; it is a core in a peripheral country. Tourists in the northern tourist circuit are primarily attracted by mountain climbing adventures, photographic and hunting safaris. Putting together different activities involved in a safari or adventure product requires the presence of ground tour operators. The former have links with all the suppliers at the destination and are the most knowledgeable about the destination among channel members in the destination. There is a complex relationship among channel members in the northern tourist circuit which partly contributes to the complexity of the distribution channels used. The majority of tourists who visit northern tourist circuit book their holidays through overseas agents; a few purchase directly from the suppliers. The majority of those who shop through overseas agents are package or customized tourists while most independent travellers buy their holidays directly, often making multiple purchases. Ground tour operators in Kenya are important channel members as well. This is because a significant number of tourists who visit the northern tourist circuit come through Kenya and ground tour operators there pass them down to their counterparts in Tanzania. Hunting tourists access the destinations through professional hunters, either directly or through overseas marketing agents. Secondary activities like cultural tourism rely more on "at destination" distribution as their drawing power is less than wildlife resources and adventure attractions. Factors which influence the structure of distribution in the northern tourist circuit include size of the business, nature of the attraction, tourists' preference, distance from market to destination, lack of capital and marketing knowledge. Channel performance is based on two main criteria: volume of clients the channel produces and the profit generated from the channel. Indirect channels produce more clients while direct channels are observed to generate more profit per client than indirect channels. Information technology is mainly used for creating awareness and communications. All the businesses interviewed have websites for those purposes.</p>

A Mountain Feeling: the Narrative Construction of Meaning and Self Through a Commitment to Mountaineering in Aotearoa/New Zealand

<p>Mountaineering is commonly associated with feats of daring in a landscape of extreme danger. Past theories of mountain climbing, and other adventurous leisure activities, have predominantly focused on uncovering the motives for participation; and risk has been posited as a primary attraction. A number of studies have concluded that identity and meaning are factors related to participation. However, none to date have examined the dynamics by which these factors are constructed and maintained in the lives of participants. This thesis places meaning and self or identity at the centre of its enquiry into how New Zealand mountaineers sustain their commitment to an adventurous leisure activity. Thus, it seeks to address the current lack of knowledge regarding the way in which activities such as mountain climbing can contribute to participants' sense of who they are and what their lives are about. A biographical narrative approach was adopted to achieve this central aim as, it is argued, self and meaning are constructed through the stories told about life experiences. Narrative interviews were conducted with twenty-two committed New Zealand mountaineers; and supporting materials were collected from publications and other relevant sources. The interpretation of the research material was facilitated by theories of the interrelationship between narrative, meaning and self, and the implications of current social conditions for their construction. By applying a narrative approach to the study of mountaineers for the first time, this thesis sheds new light on our understanding of mountaineering. It demonstrates the way in which mountaineers weave together the biographical particulars of their lives with a 'folk psychology' of mountaineering to produce a strong sense of self. In addition, it shows how these 'mountaineering selves' are influenced by a communal narrative, or shared discourse, about what it means to be a mountaineer in New Zealand. The research also reveals the complexities in approaches to the dangers of mountain climbing, and offers an alternative conceptualisation of this issue which does not characterise mountaineers as principally risk seeking individuals. These findings provide an empirical basis by which to consider theories relating to the impact of socio-historical conditions upon individual experience, and the efficacy of certain strategies for addressing dilemmas of meaning and self. Finally, although the study is situated within a specific social and historical context, it contributes - in the spirit of interpretive hermeneutics - to an on-going exchange of meanings about mountaineering and leisure in contemporary society.</p>

A Mountain Feeling: the Narrative Construction of Meaning and Self Through a Commitment to Mountaineering in Aotearoa/New Zealand

<p>Mountaineering is commonly associated with feats of daring in a landscape of extreme danger. Past theories of mountain climbing, and other adventurous leisure activities, have predominantly focused on uncovering the motives for participation; and risk has been posited as a primary attraction. A number of studies have concluded that identity and meaning are factors related to participation. However, none to date have examined the dynamics by which these factors are constructed and maintained in the lives of participants. This thesis places meaning and self or identity at the centre of its enquiry into how New Zealand mountaineers sustain their commitment to an adventurous leisure activity. Thus, it seeks to address the current lack of knowledge regarding the way in which activities such as mountain climbing can contribute to participants' sense of who they are and what their lives are about. A biographical narrative approach was adopted to achieve this central aim as, it is argued, self and meaning are constructed through the stories told about life experiences. Narrative interviews were conducted with twenty-two committed New Zealand mountaineers; and supporting materials were collected from publications and other relevant sources. The interpretation of the research material was facilitated by theories of the interrelationship between narrative, meaning and self, and the implications of current social conditions for their construction. By applying a narrative approach to the study of mountaineers for the first time, this thesis sheds new light on our understanding of mountaineering. It demonstrates the way in which mountaineers weave together the biographical particulars of their lives with a 'folk psychology' of mountaineering to produce a strong sense of self. In addition, it shows how these 'mountaineering selves' are influenced by a communal narrative, or shared discourse, about what it means to be a mountaineer in New Zealand. The research also reveals the complexities in approaches to the dangers of mountain climbing, and offers an alternative conceptualisation of this issue which does not characterise mountaineers as principally risk seeking individuals. These findings provide an empirical basis by which to consider theories relating to the impact of socio-historical conditions upon individual experience, and the efficacy of certain strategies for addressing dilemmas of meaning and self. Finally, although the study is situated within a specific social and historical context, it contributes - in the spirit of interpretive hermeneutics - to an on-going exchange of meanings about mountaineering and leisure in contemporary society.</p>

Improving Body Immunity by Sporting Activities During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Covid-19 has changed the way people take care of their health, many people do sports activities to help increase their immune systems. Some sports criteria are good for maintaining or even increasing the body's immune system. The chosen sport needs to pay attention to its frequency, duration, consistency, and type. A strong immune system will help protect the body from viruses and diseases. Objectives: To find out the types of sports that are of interest to increase immunity. Results: The survey results show that 91% of respondents have a habit of exercising and the remaining 9% do not exercise. The types of exercise are 42% choose cycling, 25% morning run, 15% gymnastics, 5% brisk walking, and the remaining 4% mountain climbing, yoga, and swimming. Conclusion: The type of sports activity that Leuwiliang Hospital employees are interested in maintaining health is cycling, but it is necessary to pay attention to the duration, frequency, intensity, type, and consistency Suggestion: It is recommended for the public to do sports regularly by paying attention to the type of sports activity selection, duration, frequency, intensity to obtain the perfect conditions to increase the body's immunity, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Operasi Apik Untuk Gunung Cikuray Bersih, Sehat, Dan Lestari

Mendaki gunung merupakan kegiatan olahraga sekaligus rekreasi yang dalam situasi tertentu mengakibatkan tumpukan sampah tertinggal di berbagai lokasi (puncak, sekitar kemah, dan sepanjang lintasan). Kegiatan bernama Operasi Bersih Sampah Gunung Cikuray bertujuan membersihkan lokasi terjangkau dari sampah, khususnya yang berbahan plastik. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada Sabtu-Ahad, 29-30 Agustus 2020 melalui Kiara Janggot, Kota Garut, Jawa Barat. Kegiatan diikuti 52 orang dengan peserta termuda berusia 9 tahun dan tertua 45 tahun, 38 lelaki dan 14 perempuan. Sampah yang berhasil dikumpulkan dan dibawa ke kaki gunung berjumlah sekitar 60 kantong ukuran 3kg dan 15 karung ukuran 20 kg, total sekitar 400 kg. Jenis sampah umumnya botol (botol plastik berisi urin, botol AMDK, botol minuman keras, tutup botol), pembalut, tisu, bungkus permen, bungkus mi instan, dan puntung rokok. Kegiatan ini sangat bermanfaat, selain bagi kebersihan, kesehatan, dan kelestarian lingkungan, juga bagi individu yang mengikuti kegiatan, baik secara fisik maupun mental.---Mountain climbing is a sport as well as recreational activity which in certain situations results in piles of garbage left in various locations (at the top, around the camp, and along the trails). The activity called Operation Mount Cikuray Garbage Cleanup aims to clean up affordable locations from rubbish, especially those made of plastic. The activity was carried out on Saturday-Sunday, 29-30 August 2020 through Kiara Janggot, Garut City, West Java. The activity was attended by 52 people with the youngest participants aged 9 years and the oldest 45 years, 38 men and 14 women. The garbage collected and brought to the foot of the mountain is around 60 and 15 20 kg sacks, a total of about 400 kg. Types of waste are generally bottles (plastic bottles containing urine, bottled drinking water bottles, liquor bottles, bottle caps), sanitary napkins, tissue wrappers, instant noodle wrappers, and cigarette butts. This activity is very beneficial, in addition to cleanliness, health and environmental sustainability, as well as for individuals who participate in the activity, both physically and mentally.

Uwagi o początkach „literatury górskiej”

One of characteristic phenomena in contemporary Polish literary culture is the emergence of a niche phenomenon of mountain literature. The term “mountain literature” has become part of colloquial discourse, also aspiring to be present in the language of literature studies (including literary criticism), which previously featured terms like “Alpine literature”, “mountaineering literature”, “Tatra literature”, “Tatra prose”. Other commonly used terms were “mountain climbing literature” and “exploration literature”. The term “Alpine literature” was introduced into scholarly discourse by Claire-Éliane Engel (1903–1976). The author of the present study points to links between the history of mountain literature, and the history of mountain exploration as well as history of tourism and mountaineering, referring to the literary traditions of various mountain ranges: the Alps, the Tatras, Karkonosze (Giant Mountains), Bieszczady, Gorce, Beskids, Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross Mountains). In addition, there are strands of research dealing with a typological analysis of mountain motifs and their function. The significance of such studies lies in the fact that they demonstrate in a clear manner the introduction of mountain motifs into literature and the evolution of the artistic forms of their expression. However, transformations in the literary approach to the mountains cannot be documented only by means of a territorial selection of specific motifs, and the whole question of depicting mountains and responding to them cannot be locked within the limited framework of the various national literatures. What is useful in this respect is a comprehensive comparative approach to the subject matter, interpreted both in the synchronic (formation of attitudes) and diachronic perspective (so-called influences, impact of models, borrowing of poetics also in connection with changes in tourist or mountaineering styles). What becomes of crucial significance here is the use of more general categories and comprehensive collective terms — mountain literature, mountaineering literature, mountain climbing literature. These categories encompass works dealing primarily with the mountains and human interactions with them. They bring in a supranational and supraterritorial understanding of the subject of mountains, without limiting the role of territorial detail in the construction of literary motifs and images. In defining mountain literature the author uses the classification of the function of nature motifs in literary works presented by Tadeusz Makowiecki in Sprawozdania Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu in 1951, in his article “Funkcja motywu przyrody w dziele literackim” (Function of a nature motif in a literary work).1 On the other hand, when it comes to the phenomena discussed in the study, what is representative of fiction is a type of narrative genre known as mountain novel (roman de montagne, Bergroman). Referring to archetypic formulas of mountain literature (Dante, Petrarch, Salomon Gessner, Jean A. Deluc, H.B. de Saussure), the author points to their formal aspects: thematic-substantive, linguistic and genological. In addition, he discusses the emergence of mountaineering literature (Edward Whymper, Leslie Stephen, Polish mountaineers’ prose).

ELECTRIFICATION OF THE LOW COST COMPETITION VEHICLE. A PARADIGMA CHANGE

This work shows the electrification of a vehicle for the European Mountain Climbing Championship, with a design and construction that allows to maintain the performance of the designs with thermal propellant without increasing the cost. It is based on an existing space-frame vehicle and a methodology based on a multi-target optimization is implemented to define the parameters characteristic of the powertrain. The design is completed with the choice of commercial elements of cost contained to propose a final design competitive in price and performance. Keywords: Electric vehicle, motor vehicle, powertrain design, low cost, electric batteries