Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan

According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 73% of used clothing is landfilled or incinerated globally and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fabric manufacturing in 2015 amounted to 1.2 billion tons. It must be reduced in the future, especially by reusing and recycling used clothing. Based on this perspective, researchers calculated the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with reusing and recycling used clothing globally with a life cycle assessment (LCA). However, no study was conducted so far to estimate the total GHG emission reductions in Japan by reusing and recycling used clothing. In this study, the amount of used clothing currently discharged from households as combustible and noncombustible waste and their fiber types were estimated using literature. Then, the methods for reusing and recycling of used clothing were categorized into the following 5 types based on fiber type, that is, “reuse overseas,” “textile recycling to wipers,” “fiber recycling,” “chemical recycling” and “thermal recycling.” After that, by applying LCA, the GHG emission reductions by above 5 methods were estimated, based on the annual discharged weights of each fiber type. Consequently, the total GHG emissions reductions by reusing and recycling 6.03 × 108 kg of used clothing totally were estimated around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, to range between 6.57 × 109 kg CO2e and 6.64 × 109 kg CO2e, which depended on the type of “chemical recycling.” The largest contribution was “reuse overseas,” which was 4.01 × 109 kg CO2e corresponded to approximately 60% of the total reduction. Where, it was assumed that used clothing were exported from Japan to Malaysia which was currently the largest importing country. In this case, GHG emissions to manufacture new clothing in China, the largest country currently to export them to Japan, can be avoided, which are 29.4 kg CO2e and 32.5 kg CO2e respectively for 1 kg jeans and 1 kg T-shirts. Adding the GHG emissions for overseas transportation to this, on average, 32.0 kg CO2e per kg of used clothing was reduced by “reuse overseas,” which was 19.6 times larger than GHG emissions by incineration, 1.63 kg CO2e per kg, in which carbon neutrality for cotton was not counted. As the result, the total GHG emission reductions above mentioned, around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, corresponds to 70% of the GHG emissions by incineration of total household garbage in Japan.

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Economic and Environmental Optimization of the Forest Supply Chain for Timber and Bioenergy Production from Beetle-Killed Forests in Northern Colorado

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10080689 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 689 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

She ◽

Chung ◽

Han

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Optimization Approach ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Bioenergy Production ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Environmental Objectives ◽

Northern Colorado

Harvesting mountain pine beetle-infested forest stands in the northern Colorado Rocky Mountains provides an opportunity to utilize otherwise wasted resources, generate net revenues, and minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Timber and bioenergy production are commonly managed separately, and their integration is seldom considered. Yet, degraded wood and logging residues can provide a feedstock for bioenergy, while the sound wood from beetle-killed stands can still be used for traditional timber products. In addition, beneficial greenhouse gas emission (GHG) savings are often realized only by compromising net revenues during salvage harvest where beetle-killed wood has a relatively low market value and high harvesting cost. In this study we compared Sequential and Integrated decision-making scenarios for managing the supply chain from beetle-killed forest salvage operations. In the Sequential scenario, timber and bioenergy production was managed sequentially in two separate processes, where salvage harvest was conducted without considering influences on or from bioenergy production. Biomass availability was assessed next as an outcome from timber production managed to produce bioenergy products. In the Integrated scenario, timber and bioenergy production were managed jointly, where collective decisions were made regarding tree salvage harvest, residue treatment, and bioenergy product selection and production. We applied a multi-objective optimization approach to integrate the economic and environmental objectives of producing timber and bioenergy, and measured results by total net revenues and total net GHG emission savings, respectively. The optimization model results show that distinctively different decisions are made in selecting the harvesting system and residue treatment under the two scenarios. When the optimization is fully economic-oriented, 49.6% more forest areas are harvested under the Integrated scenario than the Sequential scenario, generating 12.3% more net revenues and 50.5% more net GHG emission savings. Comparison of modelled Pareto fronts also indicate the Integrated decision scenario provides more efficient trade-offs between the two objectives and performs better than the Sequential scenario in both objectives.

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Assessing farmers' contribution to greenhouse gas emission and the impact of adopting climate-smart agriculture on mitigation

Ecological Processes ◽

10.1186/s13717-020-00249-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael Ayeah Israel ◽

Joseph Amikuzuno ◽

Gideon Danso-Abbeam

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Generalized Poisson ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices is expected to improve farmers’ adaptation to climate change and also increase yields while simultaneously curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper explores the determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in GHG-emitting activities. It also estimates the impact of CSA activities on reducing GHG emissions. Methods The findings are based on survey data obtained from 350 smallholder farmers in the East Gonja district of Northern Ghana. We adopted the generalized Poisson regression model in identifying factors influencing farmers’ participation in the GHG emission practices and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) to estimate the impact of CSA adoption on GHG emissions. Results Most farming households engaged in at least one emission activity. The findings of the generalized Poisson model found that wealthier households, higher education, and households with access to extension services were less likely to participate in GHG emission activities. There was also evidence that CSA adoption significantly reduces GHG emissions. Conclusion Advocacy in CSA adoption could be a necessary condition for environmental protection through the reduction of GHG emissions.

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ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS IN LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT AT VAN CU RICE NOODLE CRAFT VILLAGE, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12121 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (4C) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Tran Thi Tu

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Environmental Benefit ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Livestock Manure ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Emission Reductions ◽

Manure Treatment

This paper used some calculation techniques of IPCC to quantify the economic and environmental benefit from greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation at Van Cu rice noodle craft village, Huong Toan commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province. The resulting calculation showed that the GHG emission amount of Van Cu rice noodle craft village was 1,572.3 tonnes of CO2e/ year, in which the GHG emission of households who had activities of swine breeding and rice noodle producing had accounted for 78% of total emissions of the whole village. There were 24 biogas digesters in 31 households had built biogas works that were working well and creating biogas for usage as fuel to service of life. Therefore, this study surveyed at 24 households were using biogas works efficiency. Before using biogas works, average GHG emission reached 51.0 tonnes CO2e/ household/ year. After using biogas digesters, total GHG emission of 24 households reduced 267.6 tonnes of CO2e/ year. Thus, the total GHG emission amount was cut down 956.5 tonnes of CO2e/ year, corresponding to revenue from the sale of certified emission reductions (CERs) was 13.04 million dong/ year.

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A Backward Scenario Planning Overview of the Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran by the End of the Sixth Progress Plan

Current Environmental Management ◽

10.2174/2212717806999200709124810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 13-35

Author(s):

Nima Norouzi ◽

Mohammad Ali Dehghani

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Economic Status ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Management Plan ◽

Scenario Planning ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Foreign Policies ◽

Development Plans

Taking Iran as the 7th Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission source of the world, the country contains a high potential for the emission management plans and studies. As the economy is a significant factor in the greenhouse gas emission, studying the economy and GHG emission integrated relations must be taken into account of every climate change and environmental management plan. This paper investigates the relationships among the economic, demographic, foreign policies, and many other domestic and foreign parameters, which are illustrated by sixth Iranian document over development and GHG emission in three progress scenarios made for this plan. In this paper, all the significant GHG emissions such as CO2, SO2, NOx, hydrocarbons, and CO in the period of 2014-2020 are being studied. As the results show, the number of emissions is directly related to domestic and foreign parameters, which means a better economic status in Iran causes an increase in the number of emissions. The foreign policies are more effective in the Iranian economy and emissions than the domestic policies and parameters. The scenarios and the results show that the Iranian economy and energy systems have a significant potential for efficiency development plans. However, one thing is clear that Iranian emissions will be increased to 800 million tons by the end of the plan period (by 2021). This significant increase in the amount indicates the importance of optimization and efficiency development plans in Iran, which is predicted to control and fix this increment around 3-4%.

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Determination of greenhouse gas emission reductions from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion in China

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.472 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H.-T. Liu ◽

X.-J. Kong ◽

G.-D. Zheng ◽

C.-C. Chen

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Southern China ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Northern China ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Ghg Reduction

Sewage sludge is a considerable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the field of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from sludge anaerobic digestion, including direct and indirect emissions as well as replaceable emission reduction due to biogas being reused instead of natural gas, were quantified respectively. The results indicated that no GHG generation needed to be considered during the anaerobic digestion process. Indirect emissions were mainly from electricity and fossil fuel consumption on-site and sludge transportation. Overall, the total GHG emission owing to relative subtraction from anaerobic digestion rather than landfill, and replaceable GHG reduction caused by reuse of its product of biogas, were quantified to be 0.7214 (northern China) or 0.7384 (southern China) MgCO2 MgWS−1 (wet sludge).

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Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Assessment for Power Plants in Peninsular Malaysia

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.88.2.1426 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 14-26

Author(s):

Sazalina Zakaria ◽

Radin Diana R. Ahmad ◽

Ahmad Rosly Abbas ◽

Mohd Faizal Mohideen Batcha

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Emission Intensity ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Power Plants ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Emission Reduction Strategies

The power sector has been playing a vital role in the industrialization, societal and economic development of a nation. In Malaysia, the total power generation for 2014 is 147,480GWh and eventually accounts for 54% of total carbon emissions for that year alone. A study was conducted to quantify the greenhouse gas emission from stationary combustion from several power plants in Peninsular Malaysia, followed by proposal for the emission reduction strategies. For the GHG emissions assessment, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies was adopted. Based on this study, the highest GHG emission intensity were from coal power plants which ranged from 0.67 – 0.85 tCO2/ MWh. The GHG emission intensity for natural gas power plants ranged from 0.38 – 0.78 tCO2/ MWh. The overall GHG emission intensity for all power plants studied was estimated to be 0.54 tCO2/ MWh. The large variations in CO2 emissions per MWh of electricity generated in fossil fuel power plants were due to differences in generation efficiency, fuel selection, technology, and plant age. In supporting Malaysia’s conditional commitment of 45% GHG emissions intensity reduction target against the country’s GDP, the emission reduction strategies up to 2025 were assessed using three key scenarios namely Business-As-Usual (BAU), Planning (PLAN) and Ambitious (AMB). Based on the analysis, the projection indicates that the emissions intensity for the power sector is about 0.79 tCO2/ MWh, 0.49 tCO2/ MWh, and 0.44 tCO2/ MWh under the BAU, PLN AMB scenarios respectively. Finally, GHG emission reduction potentials were also outlined in this paper.

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Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Vietnam through Introduction of a Proper Technical Support System for Domestic Biogas Digesters

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v9n3p224 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Taro Izumi ◽

Eiji Matsubara ◽

Duong T. Dung ◽

Nguyen V. C. Ngan ◽

Nguyen H. Chiem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Support System ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Technical Support ◽

Manure Management ◽

Clean Development Mechanism Project ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Livestock Manure ◽

Emission Reductions

A domestic biogas digester (BD) is a household-sized system that produces biogas from organic waste under anaerobic conditions. By substituting conventional cooking fuel with biogas, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced. In addition, improved livestock manure management from use of the BD system can lead to further GHG emission reductions. However, because the main component of biogas is methane (CH4), with 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2), leakage of biogas from the BD system can counteract the benefits of this system. Thick vinyl-type BDs were introduced to farming households in a rural area of Vietnam’s Mekong Delta in an effort to reduce GHG emissions as a Clean Development Mechanism project. In this project, selected farmers were trained as Key Farmers (KFs). These farmers acquired knowledge about appropriate techniques relating to the BD system and provided technical support to households. Then, biogas usage was monitored in the households where the BD technology was installed. The average proportion of operational BDs reached as high as 92.3%. Therefore, the technical support system provided by the KFs was regarded as practical and effective. Additionally, leakage of biogas from the BD systems was monitored. The average leakage was estimated at 8% of the produced biogas. Including emission reductions from improved livestock manure management, the total GHG emission reductions from the introduction of BD systems was calculated as 2.95 tonnes of CO2 per year per household. Overall, the emission reduction effects can only be achieved with appropriate installation, operation, and maintenance of the BD systems.

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Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Measures in Transportation Sector of Malaysia

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v70.3481 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Shamsuddin Shahid ◽

Anil Minhans ◽

Othman Che Puan

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Road Transportation ◽

Current State ◽

Transportation Sector ◽

Policy Measures

Malaysia has committed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 40% by the year 2020. The fact that transport sector of Malaysia shares a big portion of national GHG emissions; its role is paramount. The present study reviews the current state of GHG emission, the major technical and policy measures that can be adopted, and the measures that have been initiated in Malaysia for GHG emission reduction in transportation sector. Data related to road vehicles and GHG emission from road transportation are collected from open source databases and analyzed to reveal the present trends and possible future changes in GHG emission due to government initiatives. The result shows deceleration of GHG emission from transportation sector of Malaysia in recent years. However, the study reveals that the present measures may not be enough to reduce GHG emission up to the set target. Malaysia needs more prudent strategies for climate-friendly development of transportation to achieve sustainability goals. The study also examines the potential of Malaysia to reduce GHG and the measures that that can be initiated to streamline the effort towards GHG emission reduction are discussed.

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Keeping Track of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Progress and Targets in 167 Cities Worldwide

Frontiers in Sustainable Cities ◽

10.3389/frsc.2021.696381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Ting Wei ◽

Junliang Wu ◽

Shaoqing Chen

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Carbon Reduction ◽

Climate Targets ◽

Global Comparison

Actions in cities shape the outcome of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation and our climate change response. Accurate and consistent carbon inventories are essential for identifying the main sources of emissions and global comparison of carbon reduction progress and would help inform targeted policies for low-carbon transition. To identify the effectiveness of historical carbon reduction policies, our study conducted energy-related GHG emission inventories for 167 globally distributed cities with information from different sectors, and assessed the city-scale near-term, mid-term, and long-term goals carbon mitigation targets from 2020 to 2050. On this basis, we propose mitigation strategies to achieve local and global climate targets. We found that, although Asian cities are the biggest carbon emitters in totals, the per capita GHG emissions of cities in developed countries are still generally higher than that in developing countries. In terms of sectors, the GHG emissions from the stationary energy uses (such as residential, commercial, and industrial buildings) and transportation sector contributed the most. However, cities in more developed nations have been inclined to set absolute carbon reduction targets before 2050, while intensity reduction target has been largely set for cities at the stage of rapid economic growth and accelerated industrialization. More ambitious and easily-tracked climate targets should be proposed by cities and more effective measures of reducing GHG emissions are required to stay consistent with the global ambition of climate change mitigation.

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