scholarly journals Planifilum fulgidum Is the Dominant Functional Microorganism in Compost Containing Spent Mushroom Substrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10002
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Wenying Wang ◽  
Zaixue Li ◽  
Chuanlun Yang ◽  
Shuang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
And Function

The extensive accumulation of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) owing to the large-scale production of edible fungi is causing environmental problems that cannot be ignored. Co-composting is a promising method for agricultural and animal husbandry waste disposal. In this study, the composition and function of microbial communities in the process of cattle manure–maize straw composting with SMS addition were compared through an integrated meta-omics approach. The results showed that irrespective of SMS addition, the predominant fungi were Ascomycota, while the dominant bacteria were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. High temperature promoted the evolution from Gram-negative bacteria (Bacteroides, Proteobacteria) to Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes, Actinomycetes). The composting process was accelerated by SMS addition, and the substrate was effectively degraded in 14 days. Metaproteomics results showed that the dominant microorganism, Planifilum fulgidum, secreted large amounts of S8, M17, and M32 proteases that could degrade macromolecular protein substrates in the presence of SMS. Planifilum fulgidum, along with Thermobifida fusca and Melanocarpus albomyces, synergistically degraded hemicellulose, cellulose, and protein. In addition, the dominant microorganisms related to the initial raw materials such as Pichia, Lactobacillus in the microbial agent and Hypsizygus in SMS could not adapt to the high-temperature environment (>60 °C) and were replaced by thermophilic bacteria after 5 days of composting.

An Improved And Suitable Method For Large Scale Produdcion Of Α-Monochlorocyclodecanone

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhua Ou ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Ruonan Liu ◽  
Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Ideal Approach

: α-Monochlorocyclododecanone was synthesized from cyclododecane and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) catalyzed with silica gel in MeOH. The product was obtained by crystallization with nearly 85% yield. The presented method used cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simple separation method and environment-friendly process. Additionally, the current synthesis provided an ideal approach for large-scale production.

Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Willy Østreng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

scholarly journals Parametric study of large-scale production of syngas via high-temperature co-electrolysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 4216-4226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. O'Brien ◽  
M.G. McKellar ◽  
C.M. Stoots ◽  
J.S. Herring ◽  
G.L. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

The Origin of Puuc Slate Ware: New Data from Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Smyth ◽  
Christopher D. Dore ◽  
Hector Neff ◽  
Michael D. Glascock
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Major Producer

AbstractThis paper reports results of the first neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of ancient pottery wares and clays from the Puuc region of Yucatan. Based on ceramics from Sayil, this investigation seeks to expand exploration into the nature of commercialization during the Terminal Classic period (A.D. 800–1000). This research sought to: (a) establish the chemical composition of major Puuc wares, (b) begin to define potential raw materials and production loci at Sayil, and (c) explore the question of whether Sayil was a major producer and exporter of ceramic wares. Compositional analysis reveals that three of the four major Puuc wares (Puuc Slate, Puuc Unslipped, and Puuc Red) exhibit some degree of chemical distinctiveness, suggesting discrete production units. Compositional analysis of clays from Sayil and Loltun Cave indicates that Puuc Slate and Puuc Red Ware are compatible with clays locally available at Sayil, supporting local production of these wares, whereas Puuc Unslipped Ware initially appears to be closer compositionally to clays from Loltun. In addition, Puuc Slate is an important ware found throughout northern Yucatan that shows evidence of large-scale production at Sayil. This analysis represents the first steps of a comprehensive investigation into the Maya economy of Terminal Classic Yucatan.

scholarly journals Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Jakob J. Mueller ◽  
Hans H. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

PRACTICAL CONTROL OF SALMONELLAE1,2

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Mass Storage ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Short Period

Salmonellae occur in practically all raw feeds and foods of animal origin; consequently the key word to their control is sanitation. The twentieth century has brought with it profound changes in animal husbandry practices, large-scale production of foods, packaging innovations, mass storage, transportation, and retailing patterns. As a consequence of these developments, substantial segments of the consuming public can be placed at risk within a short period of time. Surveillance of animals, their feeds, and other raw materials to assure that Salmonella contamination is minimized is of paramount importance. Pest control, ingredient specifications, handling requirements, improved personal hygiene practices, proper clothing, and prevention of foods to access by workmen who are ill or have cuts, sores, or boils are of equal importance to the maintenance of quality. Other requisites for holding salmonellae in check are the elimination of dust, debris, and refuse from the plant; proper cleaning of equipment and utensils in contact with foods; inactivation of microorganisms by the application of cold or heat; rigid control of ingredients; and segregation of finished products so that cross-contamination is not possible. The role of the producer, processor, warehouse man, trucker, regulatory and public health officials, doctor, retailer, and consumer in contributing to this chain of infection must be properly assessed.

Reproducible, Large-Scale Production of Thallium-Based High-Temperature Superconductors

1989 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Gay ◽  
D. Stelman ◽  
J. C. Newcomb ◽  
L. F. Grantham ◽  
G. D. Schnittgrund
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Oxide Powder ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Zero Resistance ◽  
Cold Pressed

AbstractThe Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International has developed a large scale spray-calcination technique generic to the preparation of ceramic high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) powders. Among the advantages of the technique is that of producing uniformly mixed metal oxides on a fine scale. Production of both yttrium and thallium-based HTSCs has been demonstrated using this technique.In the spray calciner, solutions of the desired composition are atomized as a fine mist into a hot gas. Evaporation and calcination are instantaneous, yielding an extremely fine, uniform oxide powder. The calciner is 76 cm in diameter and can produce metal oxide powder at relatively large rates (approximately 100 g/h) without contamination.Bulk samples of thallium-based powder were prepared by spray calcination, collected, cold-pressed, and sintered. An optimized temperature schedule was developed to produce T12Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox. Samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and characterized by measurements of critical transition temperature, Tc. A complete transition to zero resistance at 112 K was measured.

scholarly journals Mitigating Production Practices and Antibiotics Use in Meat Industries Prone to Economies of Scale by Institutional Novelties, Marketing and Voluntary Actions

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Ernst-August Nuppenau
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Antibiotics Use

<p>Achieving improved standards in animal husbandry (including less use of antibiotics) through appropriate interventions has become a matter of public concern. It is currently both, hot­ly debated and a challenge for food economics. The question is: how can one achi­eve change in a given environment of property rights and interests? This paper offers a novel appro­ach inten­ded for conflict solving in meat industries which are prone to economies of scale, which are under interna­tional and com­petitive pricing and which experience structural change. In parti­cu­lar, in case of: (i) economies of scale favouring large-scale production and high stocking den­sities (sup­ported by increased antibiotic use), (ii) political power about resistance to regu­late (avoiding strong interference), but also in contrast to (iii) consumers' wishes and willing­ness to pay (WTP for a change in production modes), there is a problem of coordination and institutions. In this article, the issue is delineated as a problem of political bargaining and cre­ating marketing channels (bro­ker and ag­ency) which shall actively pursue promotion of reduc­ed antibiotics use (specifically through redu­ced stocking density) as well as negotiations on compen­sations (for cost increase). Produ­cers are outlined with regards to scheme participation along willingness to ac­ce­pt (WTA). Stocking density reduction is used as proxi for more healthy an­i­­mal rearing met­hods. We establish interest functions and show how a bargain can be modelled in the tradition of Zusman’s political economy. Barga­in­ing involves power coef­fi­ci­ents for brokerage (premium sharing) as well as an agency (called FSA); the ag­ency is modelled as a bureaucracy op­timizing modified costs and benefits. In fact, the agency maxi­mi­zes its budget and ensures participation of willing producers to join programs. Finally we refer to ways how to solve the issue in modes of political economy models. The assumption is that asym­metric information prevails and consumers are willing to pay (WTP) for healthy food.</p>

scholarly journals Large‐scale production, purification, and function of a tumor multi‐epitope vaccine: Peptibody with bFGF/VEGFA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 422-436
Author(s):  
Ligang Zhang ◽  
Chengcheng Jiang ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Jiangtao Gu ◽  
Qifang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Epitope Vaccine ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Challenges in Enzymatic Route of Mannitol Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheelendra Mangal Bhatt ◽  
Anand Mohan ◽  
Suresh Kumar Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mannitol Production ◽  
Enzymatic Route ◽  
Industrial Level

Mannitol is an important biochemical often used as medicine and in food sector, yet its biotechnological is not preffered in Industry for large scale production, which may be due to the multistep mechanism involved in hydrogenation and reduction. This paper is a comparative preview covering present chemical and biotechnological approaches existing today for mannitol production at industrial scale. Biotechnological routes are suitable for adaptation at industrial level for mannitol production, and whatever concerns are there had been discussed in detail, namely, raw materials, broad range of enzymes with high activity at elevated temperature suitable for use in reactor, cofactor limitation, reduced by-product formation, end product inhibition, and reduced utilization of mannitol for enhancing the yield with maximum volumetric productivity.

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