An Improved And Suitable Method For Large Scale Produdcion Of Α-Monochlorocyclodecanone

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhua Ou ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Ruonan Liu ◽  
Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Ideal Approach

: α-Monochlorocyclododecanone was synthesized from cyclododecane and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) catalyzed with silica gel in MeOH. The product was obtained by crystallization with nearly 85% yield. The presented method used cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simple separation method and environment-friendly process. Additionally, the current synthesis provided an ideal approach for large-scale production.

Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Willy Østreng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

The Origin of Puuc Slate Ware: New Data from Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Smyth ◽  
Christopher D. Dore ◽  
Hector Neff ◽  
Michael D. Glascock
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Major Producer

AbstractThis paper reports results of the first neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of ancient pottery wares and clays from the Puuc region of Yucatan. Based on ceramics from Sayil, this investigation seeks to expand exploration into the nature of commercialization during the Terminal Classic period (A.D. 800–1000). This research sought to: (a) establish the chemical composition of major Puuc wares, (b) begin to define potential raw materials and production loci at Sayil, and (c) explore the question of whether Sayil was a major producer and exporter of ceramic wares. Compositional analysis reveals that three of the four major Puuc wares (Puuc Slate, Puuc Unslipped, and Puuc Red) exhibit some degree of chemical distinctiveness, suggesting discrete production units. Compositional analysis of clays from Sayil and Loltun Cave indicates that Puuc Slate and Puuc Red Ware are compatible with clays locally available at Sayil, supporting local production of these wares, whereas Puuc Unslipped Ware initially appears to be closer compositionally to clays from Loltun. In addition, Puuc Slate is an important ware found throughout northern Yucatan that shows evidence of large-scale production at Sayil. This analysis represents the first steps of a comprehensive investigation into the Maya economy of Terminal Classic Yucatan.

scholarly journals Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Jakob J. Mueller ◽  
Hans H. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

Amines via Hydroaminomethylation: An Updated Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmela G. Arena
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Cost

: Aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, surfactants and rubber chemicals. Most traditional synthetic methods are often unsuitable for large-scale production due to poor selectivity, harsh reaction conditions and the cost of starting materials. In this context, hydroaminomethylation (HAM) is a very attractive catalytic process with high atom economy that starts from inexpensive reagents, such as alkenes. This review aims to provide an updated overview of hydroaminomethylation as a useful tool for synthesizing aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines. Therefore, the discussion will focus on both unsaturated starting compounds and the amines obtained by this one-pot reaction.

scholarly journals Challenges in Enzymatic Route of Mannitol Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheelendra Mangal Bhatt ◽  
Anand Mohan ◽  
Suresh Kumar Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mannitol Production ◽  
Enzymatic Route ◽  
Industrial Level

Mannitol is an important biochemical often used as medicine and in food sector, yet its biotechnological is not preffered in Industry for large scale production, which may be due to the multistep mechanism involved in hydrogenation and reduction. This paper is a comparative preview covering present chemical and biotechnological approaches existing today for mannitol production at industrial scale. Biotechnological routes are suitable for adaptation at industrial level for mannitol production, and whatever concerns are there had been discussed in detail, namely, raw materials, broad range of enzymes with high activity at elevated temperature suitable for use in reactor, cofactor limitation, reduced by-product formation, end product inhibition, and reduced utilization of mannitol for enhancing the yield with maximum volumetric productivity.

scholarly journals Polyester Polymeric Nanoparticles as Platforms in the Development of Novel Nanomedicines for Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3387
Author(s):  
Enrique Niza ◽  
Alberto Ocaña ◽  
José Antonio Castro-Osma ◽  
Iván Bravo ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticle ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Many

Many therapeutic agents have failed in their clinical development, due to the toxic effects associated with non-transformed tissues. In this context, nanotechnology has been exploited to overcome such limitations, and also improve navigation across biological barriers. Amongst the many materials used in nanomedicine, with promising properties as therapeutic carriers, the following one stands out: biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles are ideal candidates for drug delivery, given the versatility of raw materials and their feasibility in large-scale production. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles show great potential for easy surface modifications to optimize pharmacokinetics, including the half-life in circulation and targeted tissue delivery. Herein, we provide an overview of the current applications of polymeric nanoparticles as platforms in the development of novel nanomedicines for cancer treatment. In particular, we will focus on the raw materials that are widely used for polymeric nanoparticle generation, current methods for formulation, mechanism of action, and clinical investigations.

scholarly journals Efficient Mercury Removal at Ultralow Metal Concentrations by Cysteine Functionalized Carbon-Coated Magnetite

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8262
Author(s):  
Assadawoot Srikhaow ◽  
Teera Butburee ◽  
Weeraphat Pon-On ◽  
Toemsak Srikhirin ◽  
Kanchana Uraisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Efficient Removal ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Carbon Coated

This work reports the preparation and utility of cysteine-functionalized carbon-coated Fe3O4 materials (Cys-C@Fe3O4) as efficient sorbents for remediation of Hg(II)-contaminated water. Efficient removal (90%) of Hg(II) from 1000 ppb aqueous solutions is possible, at very low Cys-C@Fe3O4 sorbent loadings (0.01 g sorbent per liter of Hg(II) solution). At low metal concentrations (5–100 ppb Hg(II)), where adsorption is typically slow, Hg(II) removal efficiencies of 94–99.4% were achievable, resulting in final Hg(II) levels of <1.0 ppb. From adsorption isotherms, the Hg(II) adsorption capacity for Cys-C@Fe3O4 is 94.33 mg g−1, around three times that of carbon-coated Fe3O4 material. The highest partition coefficient (PC) of 2312.5 mgg−1µM−1 was achieved at the initial Hg (II) concentration of 100 ppb, while significantly high PC values of 300 mgg−1µM−1 and above were also obtained in the ultralow concentration range (≤20 ppb). Cys-C@Fe3O4 exhibits excellent selectivity for Hg(II) when tested in the presence of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions, is easily separable from aqueous media by application of an external magnet, and can be regenerated for three subsequent uses without compromising Hg(II) uptake. Derived from commercially available raw materials, it is highly possible to achieve large-scale production of the functional sorbent for practical applications.

scholarly journals Economic Perspective in the Production of Silver Nanoparticles on the Bacterial Cellulose Membrane as Antibacterial Material

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Asep NANDIYANTO
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Ideal Condition ◽  
Cellulose Membrane ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Large Scale Production

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the most frequently studied material with superiority as antibacterial that currently increasing the production of Ag NPs. Hence, feasibility study is needed for the development on the production of Ag NPs in industrial scale, especially in Indonesia and other developing countries. The chemical reduction with sodium citrate is used to produce Ag NPs. The purpose of this study is to analysis the prospect of large-scale industrial production in engineering perspective and economic evaluation. This study also gave recommendations for profitability of the production. Perspective of engineering in the production gave information about capability of large-scale production because the easy process and low-cost apparatuses of production can be done. Various economic parameters were used to completed the analysis. Then, the ideal condition to the worst issues of production was estimated to completed the calculation of economic evaluation by effects of raw materials. From this study, those all parameters gave positive result which mean it has good profitability. However, further analysis of strategies in sales and investment must be done in the future to developing the production of Ag NPs that promising in capability on large-scale production.

scholarly journals THE ORGANISATION OF DRILL PRODUCTION AT A NEOLITHIC LITHIC WORKSHOP SITE OF BAI BEN, CAT BA ISLAND, VIETNAM

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Dong Truong Nguyen ◽  
Chris Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Drill Point ◽  
Trade And Exchange

We investigate stone drill point production, use, maintenance, and discard from a technological perspective at the Late Neolithic workshop of Bai Ben on Cat Ba Island, Northeastern Vietnam. Bai Ben contains over 18,000 retouched chert flakes classified as drill points and dating to c.3000BP. Large scale production of drills most likely took place for reasons of mass production of drilled organic and inorganic objects. Few of such drilled objects are found at the site, perhaps due to poor organic preservation or removal of finished objects for trade and exchange. An analysis of attribute on drills and cores examines the time-ordering of dimensional and morphological changes as reduction continued at the site. The research finds that drills were produced from a diverse range of nodules sizes, blanks, core technologies and raw materials, but similar blanks were selected to produce very similar drill point forms.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of PHA Producing Bacteria from Sewage Samples of Assam

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 10686-10692
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Individual

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Pha) Is A Family Of Naturally Occurring Polymers Which Is Reportedly Produced By More Than 75 Genera Of Gram-Positive And Gram-Negative Bacteria. Although The Industrial Production Of This Bioplastic Commenced Decades Ago, Its Large Scale Production Is Still Debilitated By Factors Such As Rate Of Production By The Bacteria And The Raw Materials For Its Production, Which Finally Elevates The Production Cost. The Present Thrust In This Area Is To Isolate Bacterial Species Which Have A High Turnover Of Pha With Minor Expenditure. Sewage And Sewage Sludge Samples Are Rich Sources Of Microflora Which Offer A Nutrient Limited Habitat To The Individual Organisms. Under These Conditions Of Stress, Native Organisms Develop A Metabolomics Which Efficiently Convert Vital Nutrients Into Essential Macromolecules, And In This Case A Storage Polymer Of Industrial Significance I.E. Pha. In This Pilot Study An Attempt Was Made To Isolate Indigenous Bacterial With Ability To Produce The Polymer.

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