Application of a Novel Automatic Method for Determining the Bilateral Symmetry Midline of the Facial Skeleton Based on Invariant Moments

Assuming a symmetric pattern plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of facial asymmetry, for reconstructive craniofacial surgery, knowing the precise location of the facial midline is important since for most reconstructive procedures the intact side of the face serves as a template for the malformed side. However, the location of the midline is still a subjective procedure, despite its importance. This study aimed to automatically locate the bilateral symmetry midline of the facial skeleton based on an invariant moment technique using pseudo-Zernike moments. A total of 367 skull images were evaluated using the proposed technique. The technique was found to be reliable and provided good accuracy in the symmetry planes. This new technique will be utilized for subsequent studies to evaluate diverse craniofacial reconstruction techniques.

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Convolutional Neural Networks and Geometric Moments to Identify the Bilateral Symmetric Midplane in Facial Skeletons from CT Scans

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10030182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Rodrigo Dalvit Carvalho da Silva ◽

Thomas Richard Jenkyn ◽

Victor Alexander Carranza

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Neural Networks ◽

Surgical Planning ◽

Good Accuracy ◽

Bilateral Symmetry ◽

Ct Scans ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Intact Side ◽

Geometric Moments ◽

The Face

In reconstructive craniofacial surgery, the bilateral symmetry of the midplane of the facial skeleton plays an important role in surgical planning. Surgeons can take advantage of the intact side of the face as a template for the malformed side by accurately locating the midplane to assist in the preparation of the surgical procedure. However, despite its importance, the location of the midline is still a subjective procedure. The aim of this study was to present a 3D technique using a convolutional neural network and geometric moments to automatically calculate the craniofacial midline symmetry of the facial skeleton from CT scans. To perform this task, a total of 195 skull images were assessed to validate the proposed technique. In the symmetry planes, the technique was found to be reliable and provided good accuracy. However, further investigations to improve the results of asymmetric images may be carried out.

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Asymmetry of the Face in Orthodontic Patients

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/022107-85.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 421-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Seiji Haraguchi ◽

Yoshitaka Iguchi ◽

Kenji Takada

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Human Face ◽

Pubertal Growth ◽

The Face ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Facial Midline ◽

Japanese Subjects ◽

Consistent Tendency

Abstract Objective: To investigate the laterality of the normal asymmetry of the human face, examining differences in laterality in relation to sex, growth stage, and skeletal classification. Materials and Methods: A total of 1800 Japanese subjects (651 males and 1149 females; mean age, 15 years 3 months; range, 4 years 2 months to 59 years 11 months) were selected. Individuals in the sample were categorized according to sex, one of three growth stages, and one of three skeletal patterns. Differences in length between distances from the points at which ear rods were inserted to the facial midline and the perpendicular distance from the soft-tissue menton to the facial midline were measured on a frontal facial photograph. Subjects with a discrepancy of more than 3 standard deviations of the measurement error were categorized as having left- or right-sided laterality. Results: Of subjects with facial asymmetry, 79.7% had a wider right hemiface, and 79.3% of those with chin deviation had left-sided laterality. These tendencies were independent of sex, age, or skeletal jaw relationships. In this regard, during pubertal growth, the proportion of subjects with wider right hemiface decreased (P < .0001), whereas the proportion of those with a wider left hemiface increased (P < .01), despite a consistent tendency for right-sided dominance. Conclusion: These results suggest that laterality in the normal asymmetry of the face, which is consistently found in humans, is likely to be a hereditary rather than an acquired trait.

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Post-traumatic TMJ internal derangement: impact on facial growth (findings in a pediatric age group)

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.27.4.2782236161p3p467 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 297-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Patrizia Defabianis

Keyword(s):

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Internal Derangement ◽

Proper Function ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Facial Growth ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Pediatric Age Group ◽

Mandibular Asymmetry ◽

Temporal Bones ◽

Mandibular Retrognathia

Many clinical studies have shown how jaw injuries sustained during impact trauma to the face or mandible are the single most important cause of TMJ subsequent internal derangement. Proper function of the masticatory system is certainly the most influential variable in the TMJ remodelling; once a TMJ is internally deranged, adaptative or degenerative osteocartilagineous processes take place in the mandible, temporal bones and muscles.To evaluate relationships between consequences of posttraumatic TMJ internal derangement and disturbed facial skeleton growth in children, 25 patients (16 boys, 9 girls), 14 year of age or younger, were selected out of a group of 74 and analysed. They all had been treated by physiotherapy and had undergone combined clinical and radiographic examination for five years. Symptoms included, either individually or in various combination, pain, mechanical TMJ dysfunction and facial skeletal abnormalities, such as mandibular retrognathia and lower facial asymmetry manifested by chin deviation from the midline. Seventeen patients were found to have at least one abnormal and internally deranged TMJ on imaging studies; in twelve of them a mandibular asymmetry with chin deviation from the midline to the smaller or more degenerated TMJ was evident. Of the eight retrognathic patients, five were found to have bilateral TMJ derangement. In three patients both TMJ(s) were normal with normal facial structure. These data suggest that TMJ derangement in children may potentially have an impact on facial growth and lead to the development of retrognathia, with or without asymmetry, in many cases.

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The developmental fate of the cephalic mesoderm in quail-chick chimeras

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.114.1.1 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

G.F. Couly ◽

P.M. Coltey ◽

N.M. Le Douarin

Keyword(s):

Neural Crest ◽

Neural Crest Cells ◽

Paraxial Mesoderm ◽

Avian Embryo ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Developmental Fate ◽

Prechordal Mesoderm ◽

The Face ◽

Neural Crest Origin ◽

Neurula Stage

The developmental fate of the cephalic paraxial and prechordal mesoderm at the late neurula stage (3-somite) in the avian embryo has been investigated by using the isotopic, isochronic substitution technique between quail and chick embryos. The territories involved in the operation were especially tiny and the size of the transplants was of about 150 by 50 to 60 microns. At that stage, the neural crest cells have not yet started migrating and the fate of mesodermal cells exclusively was under scrutiny. The prechordal mesoderm was found to give rise to the following ocular muscles: musculus rectus ventralis and medialis and musculus oblicus ventralis. The paraxial mesoderm was separated in two longitudinal bands: one median, lying upon the cephalic vesicles (median paraxial mesoderm—MPM); one lateral, lying upon the foregut (lateral paraxial mesoderm—LPM). The former yields the three other ocular muscles, contributes to mesencephalic meninges and has essentially skeletogenic potencies. It contributes to the corpus sphenoid bone, the orbitosphenoid bone and the otic capsules; the rest of the facial skeleton is of neural crest origin. At 3-somite stage, MPM is represented by a few cells only. The LPM is more abundant at that stage and has essentially myogenic potencies with also some contribution to connective tissue. However, most of the connective cells associated with the facial and hypobranchial muscles are of neural crest origin. The more important result of this work was to show that the cephalic mesoderm does not form dermis. This function is taken over by neural crest cells, which form both the skeleton and dermis of the face. If one draws a parallel between the so-called “somitomeres” of the head and the trunk somites, it appears that skeletogenic potencies are reduced in the former, which in contrast have kept their myogenic capacities, whilst the formation of skeleton and dermis has been essentially taken over by the neural crest in the course of evolution of the vertebrate head.

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ASYMMETRIC CRYING FACIES: A CLINICAL ODDITY

10.36106/ijsr/9300373 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 7-8

Author(s):

Dilesh Kohat ◽

Vishwanath Patil ◽

Kusum Mahajan

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Facial Nerve Palsy ◽

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Associated Anomalies ◽

Benign Condition ◽

Rare Congenital Disorder ◽

The Face ◽

Clinical Description

Background – Congenital hypoplasia of depressor angularis oris muscle (CHDAOM), which is often confused with unilateral facial nerve palsy, is a rare congenital disorder presenting with asymmetric crying facies in a newborn. Accurate diagnosis of this condition is imperative in order to ensure further screening to rule out associated anomalies and appropriate management. We report a late preterm male Clinical description – neonate who was noticed to have facial asymmetry selectively during episodes of crying. During quiet or sleeping state, the face was symmetrical. Clinical examination did not reveal any other facial abnormality or any evidence of facial nerve palsy. Associated anomalies were Management – ruled out by thorough evaluation. In view of isolated CHDAOM, parents were explained regarding benign course of the condition. The neonate was discharged after an uneventful hospital stay. This case report emphasizes the importance of a Conclusion – detailed clinical examination in the diagnosis of CHDOAM. CHDOAM, if occurring in isolation, is a benign condition and does not require any intervention. Parental counselling is the cornerstone of management. However, the diagnosis of CHDAOM should raise suspicion for other associated congenital anomalies and warrants a thorough evaluation.

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Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic image reorientation using soft tissues as reference for facial asymmetry diagnosis

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/112112-890.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 38-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jae-Kyu Lee ◽

Pil-Kyo Jung ◽

Cheol-Hyun Moon

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Expert Group ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Asymmetry Analysis ◽

Cbct Image ◽

Facial Midline

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate discrepancies in results of facial asymmetry analysis using different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image reorientation methods and the effectiveness of soft tissue as a reorientation reference for analysis of facial asymmetry. Materials and Methods: An asymmetric group of 30 patients with 4 mm or more of chin point (menton [Me]) deviation and a symmetric group of 30 patients with less than 4 mm of deviation of Me were chosen as study subjects. Three orientation methods were used to calculate and compare Me deviation values of the 60 subjects. Two methods used only skeletal landmarks for reference, and one method included the soft tissue landmarks around the eye. Preferences of an expert group for the facial midline as determined by each reorientation method were also examined. Results: The examinations showed significant discrepancies in Me deviation values between the three reorientation methods. The expert group showed the greatest preference for the facial midline reorientation method that incorporated soft tissue landmarks of the eye. Conclusions: These study findings suggest that the inclusion of soft tissue landmarks, especially those around the eyes, is effective for three-dimensional CBCT image reorientation for facial asymmetry analysis.

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Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction for the Evaluation and Surgical Planning of Facial Fractures

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988609500103 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Peter J. Koltai ◽

Gary W. Wood

Keyword(s):

Surgical Planning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Data Systems ◽

Ct Reconstruction ◽

Facial Fractures ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

The Face ◽

Spatial Imagination ◽

The Relationship

Despite advances in radiology—including CT scanning—the three-dimensional (3D) nature of facial fractures must still be inferred by the spatial imagination of the physician. A computer system (Insight Phoenix Data Systems, Inc., Albany, N.Y.) uses CT studies as substrate for 3D reconstructions. We have used the insight computer for the evaluation and surgical planning of facial fractures of 16 patients with complex injuries. We present five illustrative cases, directly photographed from the computer monitor. Images can also be manipulated in real time by rotating or planar sectioning (functions best appreciated on video). The ability to cybernetically extract the facial skeleton from living subjects provides precise anatomic data previously unobtainable. The images are valuable for an accurate assessment of the relationship between the injured and uninjured sections of the face. We conclude that 3D reconstruction is an important advance in the treatment of facial fractures.

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Evaluation of morphological relations between lower craniofacial skeletal structures and dimensions of upper respiratory tract in skeletal Classes I and III

Journal of Stomatology ◽

10.5604/00114553.1230585 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 647-658

Author(s):

Karolina Stelmańska ◽

Zbigniew Paluch ◽

Marta Twardokęs ◽

Katarzyna Ura-Sabat ◽

Hanna Frelich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Upper Airways ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Cephalometric Measurements

Introduction. Review of the literature indicates the relationship between upper airways patency and lower jaw morphology. Aim of the study. To design multidimensional models to describe morphological relations of the linear and angular dimensions of hard tissues of the lower facial skeleton and the cervical spine (independent variables) with the linear dimensions of the upper respiratory tract (dependent variables). The obtained models took into consideration the age, gender and the skeletal Class I and III of the evaluated individuals. Material and method. The patients represented two skeletal classes: I (n = 97; 42.4%) and III (n = 53; 23.1%). Prior to orthodontic treatment, lateral cephalometric radiography (LCR) was performed in all patients. The obtained cephalometric measurements were evaluated statistically. Results. The statistical analysis pointed to significant differences between variables of the URT and dimensions of the facial skeleton and the cervical spine. It also revealed significant differences between variables of the URT and dimensions of the facial skeleton and the cervical spine. The independent variable Co-Gn emerged as an important predictor in regression of the nasopharynx. The anteroinferior height of the face and mandibular inclination were the factors relevant for oropharynx. Variables of the cervical spine were significant predictors in laryngopharyngeal models. Conclusions. The results illustrating morphological interrelations between the lower face and dimensions of the URT air space may prove helpful in planning orthodontic treatment, with or without teeth extraction, as well as orthognathic surgeries.

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Surgical Treatment of Posttraumatic Laterognathia: A Case Report and a Literature Review, Focused on the Effects of a Condylar Fracture on the Face

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1601861 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 211-218

Author(s):

Felipe Ladeira Pereira ◽

Luísa de Marilac de Alencar Pinheiro ◽

Phelype Maia Araújo ◽

LetíciaLiana Chihara ◽

Renato Luiz Maia Nogueira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Orthognathic Surgery ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Condylar Fracture ◽

Professional Help ◽

Common Complaint ◽

The Face ◽

Second Procedure

Facial asymmetry, following early childhood condylar trauma, is a common complaint among patients who seek surgical treatment. G.D.M., a 27-year-old male patient, sought professional help to correct his cosmetic flaw, caused by a condylar fracture when he was 8-years-old. After the proper orthodontic treatment, he underwent a double jaw orthognathic surgery and, 9 months later, a second one to correct the remaining asymmetry. Two years after this second procedure, the patient is still under surveillance and has no complaints.

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YOLO NETWORK TRAINING FOR FACE RECOGNITION IN MEDICAL MASKS

NEWS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ◽

10.32014/2021.2518-1726.31 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (336) ◽

pp. 125-130

Author(s):

E. K. Temyrkanova ◽

A. Saurambekova

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Good Accuracy ◽

Complex Task ◽

Infected Person ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Medical Field ◽

Facial Hair ◽

Network Training ◽

The Face ◽

Recognition Systems

The detection of face masks is a very important issue for the safety and prevention of Covid-19. In the medical field, the mask reduces the potential risk of infection from an infected person, regardless of whether they have symptoms or not. Thus, the detection of masks on the face becomes a very important and complex task. The efficiency of facial recognition systems can significantly deteriorate due to occlusions, such as medical masks, hats, facial hair, and sunglasses. Currently, there are a number of different methods for recognizing objects in an image. One of the most popular methods is convolutional neural networks and their modifications. This article provides a brief description of the YOLO network, an example of training that can detect faces with a mask and without a mask, and the results of the work. The recognition model has been trained on different object recognition pre-trained models with the same data and evaluated on multiple environments to achieve good accuracy for limited identities.

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