scholarly journals Aequipecten opercularis) Digestive Gland after Exposure to Domoic Acid-Producing Pseudo-nitzschia

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Ventoso ◽  
Antonio J. Pazos ◽  
M. Luz Pérez-Parallé ◽  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Juan C. Triviño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Aequipecten Opercularis ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Some species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Given that bivalve mollusks are filter feeders, they can accumulate these toxins in their tissues. To elucidate the transcriptional response of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia, the digestive gland transcriptome was de novo assembled using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Then, a differential gene expression analysis was performed. After the assembly, 142,137 unigenes were obtained, and a total of 10,144 genes were differentially expressed in the groups exposed to the toxin. Functional enrichment analysis found that 374 Pfam (protein families database) domains were significantly enriched. The C1q domain, the C-type lectin, the major facilitator superfamily, the immunoglobulin domain, and the cytochrome P450 were among the most enriched Pfam domains. Protein network analysis showed a small number of highly connected nodes involved in specific functions: proteasome components, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, protein translocases of mitochondrial membranes, cytochromes P450, and glutathione S-transferases. The results suggest that exposure to domoic acid-producing organisms causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The transcriptional response counteracts these effects with the up-regulation of genes coding for some mitochondrial proteins, proteasome components, and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases).

scholarly journals Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Carmen Mariño ◽  
Helena Martín ◽  
Gonzalo Álvarez ◽  
Araceli E. Rossignoli
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitor ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

Cultures of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are frequently affected by accumulation of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA). This species is characterized by a fast uptake and release of the toxin. In this work, the main characteristics of the uptake mechanism have been studied by incubation of digestive gland thin slices in media with different composition and DA concentration. DA uptake seems to follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a very high estimated KM (1722 µg DA mL−1) and a Vmax of 71.9 µg DA g−1 h−1, which is similar to those found for other amino acids in invertebrates. Replacement of NaCl from the incubation media by Cl-choline (Na+-free medium) did not significantly reduce the uptake, but replacement by sorbitol (Na+-free and Cl−-depleted medium) did. A new experiment replacing all chlorides with their equivalent gluconates (Na+- and Cl−-free medium) showed an important reduction in the uptake that should be attributed to the absence of chloride, pointing to a Na+-independent, Cl− (or anion-) dependent transporter. In media with Na+ and Cl−, neither decreasing the pH nor adding cyanide (a metabolic inhibitor) had significant effect on DA uptake, suggesting that the transport mechanism is not H+- or ATP-dependent. In a chloride depleted medium, lowering pH or adding CN increased the uptake, suggesting that other anions could, at least partially, substitute chloride.

scholarly journals Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Aida Mauríz ◽  
Gonzalo Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Long Time

The king scallop Pecten maximus retains the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (DA), for a long time. Most of the toxin is accumulated in the digestive gland, but this organ contains several cell types whose contribution to the accumulation of the toxin is unknown. Determining the time-course of the depuration by analyzing whole organs is difficult because the inter-individual variability is high. A sampling method, using biopsies of the digestive gland, has been developed. This method allows for repetitive sampling of the same scallop, but the representativeness of the samples obtained in this way needs to be validated. In this work, we found that the distribution of DA in the digestive gland of the scallops is mostly homogeneous. Only the area closest to the gonad, and especially its outer portion, had a lower concentration than the other ones, probably due to a transfer of the toxin to the intestinal loop. Samples obtained by biopsies can therefore be considered to be representative. Most of the toxin was accumulated in large cells (mostly digestive cells), which could be due to differences during the toxin absorption or to the preferential depuration of the toxin from the small cells (mostly secretory).

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Monitoring of Domoic Acid in Three Shellfish Species from the Northern Adriatic Sea

Toxins ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kristina Kvrgić ◽  
Tina Lešić ◽  
Natalija Džafić ◽  
Jelka Pleadin
Keyword(s):  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Northern Adriatic Sea ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Aequipecten Opercularis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

As filter feeders, bivalves and ascidians can accumulate contaminants present in the environment and pass them on to higher food chain levels as vectors. The consumption of bivalves contaminated with the potent neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) can cause amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. The aim of this study was to determine seasonal differences in occurrence and accumulation of this phycotoxin in European oysters (Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 46), Queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 53), and edible ascidians of the Microcosmus spp. (n = 107), originating from the same harvesting area in the Northern Adriatic Sea. The quantification was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) preceded by derivatization with dansyl chloride. DA was found in very low concentrations throughout the year, with a maximum value of 810 μg/kg in Queen scallops. This study reveals differences in the occurrence and accumulation of DA between Queen scallops and the other two investigated species (oysters and ascidians) and the highest concentrations during the colder part of the year. Even though DA was detected in all of them, Queen scallops showed higher DA accumulation compared to the other two (p < 0.001), hence representing a sentinel species suitable for the monitoring of DA level in seafood.

Transcriptional response after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Toxicon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Pazos ◽  
Pablo Ventoso ◽  
Roi Martínez-Escauriaza ◽  
M. Luz Pérez-Parallé ◽  
Juan Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Transcriptional Response

scholarly journals Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Álvarez ◽  
José Rengel ◽  
Michael Araya ◽  
Francisco Álvarez ◽  
Roberto Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Argopecten Purpuratus ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Fit

Domoic acid (DA), the main toxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, frequently affects the marine resources of Chile and other countries across the South Pacific, thus becoming a risk for human health. One of the affected resources is the scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Even though this species has a high commercial importance in Northern Chile and Peru, the characteristics of its DA depuration are not known. In this work, the DA depuration was studied by means of two experiments: one in controlled (laboratory) and another in natural conditions. All organs of A. purpuratus depurated the toxin very quickly in both experiments. In some organs, an increase or a very small decrease of toxin was detected in the early depuration steps. Several models were used to describe this kinetics. The one that included toxin transfer between organs and independent depuration from each organ was the model that best fit the data. It seems, therefore, that the DA in this species is quickly transferred from the digestive gland to all other organs, which release it into the environment. Physiological differences in the two experiments have been shown to have some effect on the depuration from each organ but the actual reasons are still unknown.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Response in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop (Pecten maximus) after the Injection of Domoic Acid

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Pablo Ventoso ◽  
Antonio J. Pazos ◽  
Juan Blanco ◽  
M. Luz Pérez-Parallé ◽  
Juan C. Triviño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
System Process ◽  
Immune System Process ◽  
Response To Stress

Some diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid. The depuration rate of domoic acid in Pecten maximus is very low; for this reason, king scallops generally contain high levels of domoic acid in their tissues. A transcriptomic approach was used to identify the genes differentially expressed in the P. maximus digestive gland after the injection of domoic acid. The differential expression analysis found 535 differentially expressed genes (226 up-regulated and 309 down-regulated). Protein–protein interaction networks obtained with the up-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, signal transduction, immune system process, RNA metabolic process, and autophagy, while networks obtained with the down-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as response to stress, immune system process, ribosome biogenesis, signal transduction, and mRNA processing. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 enzymes, glutathione S-transferase theta-1, glutamine synthase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2, and sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 were among the up-regulated genes. Therefore, a stress response at the level of gene expression, that could be caused by the domoic acid injection, was evidenced by the alteration of several biological, cellular, and molecular processes.

scholarly journals Long Term Memory Outcome of Repetitive, Low-Level Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Native Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Grattan ◽  
Laura Kaddis ◽  
J. Kate Tracy ◽  
John Glenn Morris
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Domoic acid (DA) is a marine-based neurotoxin that, if ingested via tainted shellfish, is associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). These acute effects of elevated DA exposure in humans have been well described. In contrast, the long-term impacts of lower level, repetitive, presumably safe doses of DA (less than 20 ppm) are minimally known. Since Native Americans (NA) residing in coastal communities of the Pacific NW United States are particularly vulnerable to DA exposure, this study focuses on the long-term, 8-year memory outcome associated with their repeated dietary consumption of the neurotoxin. Measures of razor clam consumption, memory, clerical speed and accuracy, and depression were administered over eight years to 500 randomly selected adult NA men and women ages 18–64. Data were analyzed using GEE analyses taking into consideration the year of study, demographic factors, and instrumentation in examining the association between dietary exposure and outcomes. Findings indicated a significant but small decline in total recall memory within the context of otherwise stable clerical speed and accuracy and depression scores. There is reason to believe that a continuum of memory difficulties may be associated with DA exposure, rather than a unitary ASP syndrome.

scholarly journals Examination of the Transcriptional Response to LaMIR166a Overexpression in Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Yanru Fan ◽  
Wanfeng Li ◽  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Shaofei Dang ◽  
Suying Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Embryonic Cell ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Transgenic Cell

The study of somatic embryogenesis can provide insight into early plant development. We previously obtained LaMIR166a-overexpressing embryonic cell lines of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with miR166 in this species, the transcriptional profiles of wild-type (WT) and three LaMIR166a-overexpressing transgenic cell lines were subjected to RNA sequencing using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system. In total, 203,256 unigenes were generated using Trinity de novo assembly, and 2467 differentially expressed genes were obtained by comparing transgenic and WT lines. In addition, we analyzed the cleaved degree of LaMIR166a target genes LaHDZ31–34 in different transgenic cell lines by detecting the expression pattern of LaHdZ31–34, and their cleaved degree in transgenic cell lines was higher than that in WT. The downstream genes of LaHDZ31–34 were identified using Pearson correlation coefficients. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase report assays revealed that the transcription factors LaHDZ31–34 could bind to the promoters of LaPAP, LaPP1, LaZFP5, and LaPHO1. This is the first report of gene expression changes caused by LaMIR166a overexpression in Japanese larch. These findings lay a foundation for future studies on the regulatory mechanism of miR166.

scholarly journals The reference genome and transcriptome of the limestone langur, Trachypithecus leucocephalus, reveal expansion of genes related to alkali tolerance

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengcheng Que ◽  
Huifeng Wang ◽  
Weifei Yang ◽  
Jianbao Wu ◽  
Chenyang Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Trachypithecus Leucocephalus ◽  
Karst Environment ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Trachypithecus leucocephalus, the white-headed langur, is a critically endangered primate that is endemic to the karst mountains in the southern Guangxi province of China. Studying the genomic and transcriptomic mechanisms underlying its local adaptation could help explain its persistence within a highly specialized ecological niche. Results In this study, we used PacBio sequencing and optical assembly and Hi-C analysis to create a high-quality de novo assembly of the T. leucocephalus genome. Annotation and functional enrichment revealed many genes involved in metabolism, transport, and homeostasis, and almost all of the positively selected genes were related to mineral ion binding. The transcriptomes of 12 tissues from three T. leucocephalus individuals showed that the great majority of genes involved in mineral absorption and calcium signaling were expressed, and their gene families were significantly expanded. For example, FTH1 primarily functions in iron storage and had 20 expanded copies. Conclusions These results increase our understanding of the evolution of alkali tolerance and other traits necessary for the persistence of T. leucocephalus within an ecologically unique limestone karst environment.

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