scholarly journals Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu ◽  
Toluwase Adeseye Dada ◽  
Nancy Nleya ◽  
Ramokone Gopane ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Masked Mycotoxins ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Maize Type ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Agricultural Regions ◽  
Mean Concentration

The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different Fusarium metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated Fusarium mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B1, B2, B3, B4, and A1 were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Maphala Mokubedi ◽  
Judith Zanele Phoku ◽  
Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa ◽  
Sefater Gbashi ◽  
Patrick Berka Njobeh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Samples

A total of 105 different types of poultry feed samples from South Africa were simultaneously analysed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The data revealed the presence of 16 mycotoxins in the various poultry feed samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was the most dominant recovered from 100% of samples analysed at concentrations ranging between 38.7 and 7125.3 µg/kg. This was followed by zearalenone (ZEN) (range: 0.1–429 µg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (range: 2.5–154 µg/kg). Samples were also found to be contaminated with fumonisin B2 (FB2) (range: 0.7–125.1 µg/kg), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (range: 0.1–125.1 µg/kg), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (range: 0.6–20 µg/kg ), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (range: 0.2–22.1 µg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (range: 0.1–12.9 µg/kg) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (range: 1.7–41.9 µg/kg). Alternaria mycotoxin, i.e., Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was recovered in 100% of samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.3–155.5 µg/kg. Aflatoxins (AFs) had an incidence rate of 92% with generally low concentration levels ranging from 0.1–3.7 µg/kg. Apart from these metabolites, 2 type A trichothecenes (THs), i.e., HT-2 toxin (HT-2) (range: 0.2–5.9 µg/kg) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (range: 0.1–15.3 µg/kg) were also detected. Mycotoxin contamination in South African poultry feed constitutes a concern as correspondingly high contamination levels, such as those observed herein are likely to affect birds, which can be accompanied by severe health implications, thus compromising animal productivity in the country. Such exposures, primarily to more than one mycotoxin concurrently, may elicit noticeable synergistic and or additive effects on poultry birds.

Occurrence of Aflatoxins, Fumonisin B1, and Zearalenone in Foods and Feeds in Botswana

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1670-1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
BUPE A. SIAME ◽  
SISAI F. MPUCHANE ◽  
BERHANU A. GASHE ◽  
JOSEPH ALLOTEY ◽  
GETACHEW TEFFERA
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Imbrasia Belina ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
Mean Concentration

Sorghum and maize form the main dietary staple foods in Botswana. Other products such as peanuts, peanut butter, phane (an edible larval stage of an emperor moth Imbrasia belina Westwood), and pulses (cowpeas and beans) are also widely used as food and for the manufacture of feeds. These important food and feed commodities were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone. Aflatoxins were detected in 40% of the samples analyzed. The concentration of total aflatoxins ranged from 0.1 to 64 μg/kg. The mean concentration ranged from 0.3 μg/kg in sorghum to 23 μg/kg in peanut butter. Peanut butter samples were the most contaminated (71%). No aflatoxins were detected in maize. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 36% of the samples. Maize samples were the most contaminated (85% of the samples) with the concentration ranging from 20 to 1,270 μg/kg. No fumonisin B1 was detected in peanuts, phane, and beans. Zearalenone was only found in 2.6% of the samples analyzed at 40 μg/kg. Aflatoxins were the most common toxins detected in foods and feeds in Botswana. However, fumonisin B1 was more prevalent in maize than aflatoxins or zearalenone.

Fumonisin B1 and Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 (AP1) in Tortillas and Nixtamalized Corn (Zea mays L.) from Two Different Geographic Locations in Guatemala†

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
FILMORE I. MEREDITH ◽  
OLGA R. TORRES ◽  
SANDRA SAENZ de TEJADA ◽  
RONALD T. RILEY ◽  
ALFRED H. MERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Mean Concentration

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common contaminant of corn worldwide and is responsible for several diseases of animals. In the preparation of tortillas, corn is treated with lime (producing nixtamal) that when heated hydrolyzes at least a portion of the FB1 to the aminopentol backbone (AP1), another known toxin. This study analyzed the amounts of FB1 and AP1 in tortillas and nixtamal from two communities in the central highlands of Guatemala where corn is a major dietary staple (Santa Maria de Jesus, Sacatepequez, and Patzicia, Chimaltenango). The amounts of FB1 and AP1 in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus were, respectively, 0.85 ± 2.0 and 26.1 ± 38.5 μg/g dry weight (mean ± SD), and from Patzicia were 2.2 ± 3.6 and 5.7 ± 9.4 μg/g dry weight. Less than 6% of the tortillas from both locations contained ≥10 μg FB1/g dry weight; whereas, 66% of the samples from Santa Maria de Jesus and 29% from Patzicia contained ≥10 μg AP1/g dry weight. The highest amount of AP1 (185 μg/g dry weight) was found in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus. The highest amounts of FB1 were 6.5 and 11.6 μg/g dry weight in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus and Patzicia, respectively. The mean concentration of FB1 in nixtamal was significantly higher in Santa Maria de Jesus compared to Patzicia. Surprisingly, AP1 was not detected in any of the nixtamal samples. The human impact of exposure to these amounts of fumonisins is not known. However, based on findings with other animals, where corn is a dietary staple, long-term consumption of FB1 and AP1 (especially at ≥10 μg/g of the diet) may pose a risk to human health.

scholarly journals Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
M. Gilbert ◽  
J.W. Cary ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

scholarly journals MOBILE GIS: A TOOL FOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENT OCCUPANCY AUDIT TO IMPROVE INTEGRATED HUMAN SETTLEMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN EKURHULENI, SOUTH AFRICA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B2 ◽  
pp. 735-740
Author(s):  
B. T. Mokoena ◽  
W. Musakwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Mobile Gis ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Housing Options ◽  
Evidence Based Decision Making

Upgrading and relocating people in informal settlements requires consistent commitment, good strategies and systems so as to improve the lives of those who live in them. In South Africa, in order to allocate subsidised housing to beneficiaries of an informal settlement, beneficiary administration needs to be completed to determine the number of people who qualify for a subsidised house. Conventional methods of occupancy audits are often unreliable, cumbersome and non-spatial. Accordingly, this study proposes the use of mobile GIS to conduct these audits to provide up-to-date, accurate, comprehensive and real-time data so as to facilitate the development of integrated human settlements. An occupancy audit was subsequently completed for one of the communities in the Ekurhuleni municipality, Gauteng province, using web-based mobile GIS as a solution to providing smart information through evidence based decision making. Fieldworkers accessed the off-line capturing module on a mobile device recording GPS coordinates, socio-economic information and photographs. The results of this audit indicated that only 56.86% of the households residing within the community could potentially benefit from receiving a subsidised house. Integrated residential development, which includes fully and partially subsidised housing, serviced stands and some fully bonded housing opportunities, would then be key to adequately providing access to suitable housing options within a project in a post-colonial South Africa, creating new post-1994 neighbourhoods, in line with policy. The use of mobile GIS therefore needs to be extended to other informal settlement upgrading projects in South Africa.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Trace Elemental Levels as Pollution Indicators in an Abandoned Gold Mine Dump in Ekurhuleni Area, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin Okereafor ◽  
Mamookho Makhatha ◽  
Lukhanyo Mekuto ◽  
Vuyo Mavumengwana
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Trace Elemental ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mine Dump

In the Blesbokspruit area of Ekuhurleni, South Africa, previous gold mining activities resulted in many tailings dump sites. 20 representative soil samples were used in describing the distribution of metals. The soils were very strongly acidic ranging from 3.86 to 4.34 with a low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, elemental composition of the soils revealed average values of major elements such as Na2O (0.18%), MgO (0.63%), Al2O3 (6.51%), SiO2 (81.83%), P2O5 (0.04%), SO3 (3.40%), K2O (1.98%), CaO (0.45%), TiO2 (0.51%), Cr2O3 (0.17%), MnO (0.04%), Fe2O3 (3.59%), NiO (0.04%), As2O3 (0.02%), with Rb2O and SrO falling below 0.01%. Trace metals (TM) contamination levels in the soils were evaluated using various pollution indices which revealed that over 60% of the soils were between the high degree and the ultra-high degree of contamination classes. The concentration of various trace metals varies from 860.3–862.6 mg/kg for Cr; 324.9–328.4 mg/kg for Al; 200.9–203.4 mg/kg for As; 130.1–136.2 mg/kg for Fe; 121.9–125.8 mg/kg for Pb; 27.3–30.2 mg/kg for Co; 23.8–26.8 mg/kg for Ni; 7.2–9.2 mg/kg for Ti; 7.1–9.2 mg/kg for Cd; 4.0–5.6 mg/kg for Zn and 0.1–0.6 mg/kg for Cu.

scholarly journals Research on the Move: Exploring WhatsApp as a Tool for Understanding the Intersections between Migration, Mobility, Health and Gender in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea de Gruchy ◽  
Jo Vearey ◽  
Calvin Opiti ◽  
Langelihle Mlotshwa ◽  
Karima Manji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Mobile Phone Application ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Migration And Health

Abstract Background: Reflecting global norms, South Africa is associated with high levels of cross-border and internal population mobility, yet migration-aware health system responses are lacking. Existing literature highlights four methodological challenges limiting the development of evidence-informed responses to migration and health: (1) lack of engagement with the process of migration; (2) exclusion of internal migrants; (3) insufficient attention to the ways in which gender and other identity markers shape health systems access; and, (4) lack of methodologies that are able to capture ‘real-time’ data about health needs, healthcare seeking experiences, and interactions with healthcare systems over both time and place. In this paper, we reflect on a four-month pilot project which explored the use of WhatsApp Messenger - a popular mobile phone application used widely in sub-Saharan Africa – as a research tool to address these challenges. Results: A four-month pilot was undertaken with 11 participants between October 2019 and January 2020. Using Survey Node, an online platform that allows for the automatic administration of surveys through WhatsApp, monthly surveys were administered. The GPS coordinates of participants were also obtained. Recruited through civil society partners in Gauteng, participants were over the age of 18, comfortable engaging in English, and owned WhatsApp compatible cell phones. Enrolment involved an administered survey and training participants in the study protocol. Participants received reimbursement for their travel costs and cell phone data monthly. Out of a possible 88 survey and location responses, 61 were received. Findings emphasise the ethical and methodological challenges of using WhatsApp as a tool for data collection with migrant and mobile populations.Conclusions: The pilot demonstrates the potential of WhatsApp for addressing our concerns with the current state of research exploring migration and health. It suggests, through the ability to focus on the process of migration, including internal migration, and the opportunities it provides to elucidate the ways in which this process intersects with access to healthcare and gender, that WhatsApp has real potential as a research tool. The pilot informed finalisation of the main study, including ensuring that our approach and research met the ethical standards congruent with the method.

Effect of the traditional cooking practice on fumonisin content of maize porridge consumed in the former Transkei region of South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Shephard ◽  
J.P. Rheeder ◽  
L. van der Westhuizen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Rural District ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Maize Kernels

Fumonisin exposure in the rural district of Centane, former Transkei region of South Africa, has largely been determined from surveys of fumonisin levels in home-grown maize kernels collected from household storage cribs, rather than from the traditional cooked dishes. In this current study, five samples of home-grown maize kernels were ground in the conventional manner of the district, i.e. without separation of any kernel components. The contamination levels of total fumonisins (FB1+FB2+FB3) in the resultant meals ranged from 2.130 to 13.27 mg/kg. In each of two separate villages, five volunteer householders each cooked a portion of one of the maize meals into a traditional porridge. The resultant ten porridges were subsequently analysed for fumonisins by HPLC. The mean decrease in total fumonisin levels, based on a dry weight basis and corrected for recovery, was 11.3% (standard deviation 6.9%), confirming that preparation of traditional porridge has only a limited effect on fumonisin exposure in this population.

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