scholarly journals Analysis of Aflatoxin Biomarkers in the Hair of Experimental Animals

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Innocent Mupunga ◽  
Ilse Janse van Rensburg ◽  
Nokuthula Luthuli ◽  
Ovokeroye A. Abafe ◽  
Leshweni J. Shai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Explorative Study ◽  
Hair Samples

Analysis of body fluids and tissues of aflatoxin exposed individuals for the presence of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites has emerged as a reliable indicator of exposure and metabolism of aflatoxins. However, current aflatoxin biomarkers are not appropriate for investigating the long-term effects of aflatoxin exposure. In this explorative study, we investigated the analysis of hair as a complementary or alternative matrix for the assessment of biomarkers of long-term aflatoxin exposure. Three groups of guinea pigs were orally dosed with 5 ugkg−1bw−1, 50 ugkg−1bw−1, and 100 ugkg−1bw−1 of AFB1. Urine and hair samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 and analysed for AFB1 and AFM1 using UHPLC-MS/MS. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 75% and 13.6%, respectively, of the day 1 to day 7 urine samples. AFB1 was detected in hair samples collected from day 3 up to day 60. This is the first report to confirm the deposition of AFB1 in the hair of experimental animals. These findings indicate that hair analysis has the potential to provide an accurate long-term historical record of aflatoxin exposure with potentially important implications for the field of aflatoxin biomarkers.

scholarly journals Evaluating the reliability of hair analysis in monitoring the compliance of ADHD patients under treatment with Lisdexamphetamine

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248747
Author(s):  
Marianne Haedener ◽  
Wolfgang Weinmann ◽  
Dominique Eich ◽  
Michael Liebrenz ◽  
Thomas Wuethrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Therapy Sessions

Considering the high clinical and forensic relevance of pharmaco-adherence during lisdexamphetamine (LDX) treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the aim here was to evaluate hair analysis as a tool for monitoring compliance in patients currently undergoing long term treatment with LDX, by detecting possible interruptions of medication intake or changes in dosage. For this purpose, a total of 24 patients from an outpatient clinic for ADHD were recruited. Hair and urine samples were taken after three consecutive therapy sessions over a 7-month period and analyzed for amphetamine (AMP) enantiomers and other drugs, using chiral and achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Participants also provided information on the condition of their hair, the consumption of illegal psychotropic substances and the regularity of taking LDX. Two participants withdrew from the study early. Urine analyses were positive for D-AMP in all urine samples and therapy sessions, except in two patients who did not take LDX on a daily basis. D-AMP was detected in all hair samples; however, no correlation was found between prescribed dose/day and D-AMP concentrations in proximal hair segments. Qualitative interpretation of hair analysis showed that 18 of the 22 study completers were compliant concerning the intake of LDX without additional consumption of illegal D,L-AMP. Analysis of urine taken during the therapy sessions showed no correlation between D-AMP concentrations and prescribed dosage, with or without normalization for creatinine. In conclusion, chiral LC-MS/MS hair analysis might represent a non-invasive way to confirm LDX use within the approximate period covered by the hair segment tested, but it does not allow for quantitative therapeutic drug monitoring because of interindividual variability of concentrations in hair. Drug concentrations in hair at different stages of long-term treatment should thus be interpreted with caution by clinicians and forensic experts alike when making assessments of treatment adherence.

Retention of normal ovarian function after hysterectomy

1992 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Metcalf ◽  
V. Braiden ◽  
J. H. Livesey
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Effect Of Age

ABSTRACT What are the long-term effects of hysterectomy on the ovaries of normal women? Ninety-three women aged 29–44 years (median, 38 years) who had undergone hysterectomy for benign reasons 0·3–9·1 years prior to investigation, contributed urine samples twice weekly for a period of 53–149 days (median 102 days) for pregnanediol analysis. The interval between successive pregnanediol peaks and their increment over baseline were measured. The median peak interval was 27·3 days, and 93·3% of all intervals were of 21- to 35-days duration. Of the 337 peaks observed, 96·7% met the criteria previously used to define an ovulatory cycle. These are similar to the figures reported for menstruant women of comparable age. ANOVA showed no significant effect of age or time since hysterectomy on either the interval between peaks or peak increment (P > 0·10 in all cases). The evidence suggests that the ovaries of women who have no uterus behave like those of intact women. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 597–602

scholarly journals Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Brčić Karačonji ◽  
Nataša Brajenović
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Young People ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stimulant Abuse ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Republic

AbstractHair analysis is a reliable tool for detecting long-term exposure to illegal drugs, including amphetaminetype stimulants, over periods from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the length of the hair used for analysis. Between 2000 and 2012, over 600 hair samples were analysed at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia (IMROH) for the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants. IMROH has used the same procedure for testing hair samples for amphetamine-type stimulants for over twelve years. It was found to be reliable for confirming repeated abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-Ecstasy), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in hair. Hair samples were either taken at the Institute, delivered by mail or a third person brought them to the laboratory. In most cases, the hair samples were tested anonymously. A total of 23 % of the tested samples were positive for one or more amphetamine-type stimulant. MDMA was the most frequently detected substance, whereas the most frequent combination was amphetamine with MDMA. Our results could indicate a trend in amphetamine-type stimulant abuse among young people in the Republic of Croatia.

Testing for Drugs: Bathrooms or Barbershops?

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Jerry G. Stevenson ◽  
Roger Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Fortune 500 Companies ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Hair Testing

In an attempt to establish drug free work environments, an increasing number of public and private organizations are using some form of drug test. The most common method is urinalysis. However, in recent years, the chemical analysis of hair samples has emerged as an alternative. Hair analysis is more effective than urinalysis in identifying long-term drug use, and is less intrusive than the testing of bodily fluids. But there are disadvantages associated with hair testing: it is expensive, and cannot detect immediate impairment from drug use or recent drug use. Nor do researchers know whether environmental exposure to drugs will affect hair analysis tests. Only five percent of Fortune 500 companies and less than one percent of state governments currently allow the use of hair analysis to screen for drugs.

Long-term effects of malnutrition on reproduction: a laboratory study with meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, and red-backed voles, Clethrionomys gapperi

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Bondrup-Nielsen ◽  
Peter M. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Clethrionomys Gapperi ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Meadow Voles ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Infant malnutrition has long-term behavioural effects. We determined the long-term effects of infant malnutrition on reproduction in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi). Experimental animals received standard diets diluted with cornstarch (2:1) during a combination of the following periods: gestation, lactation, and for 3 weeks postweaning. Growth and reproduction of these animals were compared with those of control individuals. During the administration of starch-diluted diets growth was retarded but subjects experienced "catch-up" once they were put on normal diets. Effects on reproduction of individuals that had experienced malnutrition as infants were minimal. Litter size was greater (both species), the proportion of females reproducing was greater (meadow voles), and birth mass was greater (meadow voles), but the growth rate of offspring was slightly lower (both species), for females malnourished as infants. The ecological implications of infant malnutrition are discussed.

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