scholarly journals The Pbo Cluster from Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola NPS3121 Is Thermoregulated and Required for Phaseolotoxin Biosynthesis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Lizeth Guardado-Valdivia ◽  
Alejandra Chacón-López ◽  
Jesús Murillo ◽  
Jorge Poveda ◽  
José Luis Hernández-Flores ◽  
...  

The bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121 synthesizes phaseolotoxin in a thermoregulated way, with optimum production at 18 °C. Gene PSPPH_4550 was previously shown to be thermoregulated and required for phaseolotoxin biosynthesis. Here, we established that PSPPH_4550 is part of a cluster of 16 genes, the Pbo cluster, included in a genomic island with a limited distribution in P. syringae and unrelated to the possession of the phaseolotoxin biosynthesis cluster. We identified typical non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, and polyketide synthetase domains in several of the pbo deduced products. RT-PCR and the analysis of polar mutants showed that the Pbo cluster is organized in four transcriptional units, including one monocistronic and three polycistronic. Operons pboA and pboO are both essential for phaseolotoxin biosynthesis, while pboK and pboJ only influence the amount of toxin produced. The three polycistronic units were transcribed at high levels at 18 °C but not at 28 °C, whereas gene pboJ was constitutively expressed. Together, our data suggest that the Pbo cluster synthesizes secondary metabolite(s), which could participate in the regulation of phaseolotoxin biosynthesis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Gonzalo De la Rubia ◽  
María Luz Centeno ◽  
Victor Moreno-González ◽  
María De Castro ◽  
Penélope García-Angulo

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is attacked by several pathogens such as the biotrophic gamma-proteobacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph). In order to study the Pph-bean interaction during the first stages of infection, leaf disks of a susceptible bean variety named Riñón were infected with a pathogenic Pph. Using this experimental system, six new putative Wall-Associated Kinase (WAKs) receptors, previously identified in silico, were tested. These six bean WAKs (PvWAKs) showed high protein sequence homology to the well-described Arabidopsis WAK1 (AtWAK1) receptor and, by phylogenetic analysis, clustered together with AtWAKs. The expression of PvWAK1 increased at very early stages after the Pph infection. Time course experiments were performed to evaluate the accumulation of apoplastic H2O2, Ca2+ influx, total H2O2, antioxidant enzymatic activities, lipid peroxidation, and the concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), as well as the expression of six defense-related genes – MEKK-1, MAPKK, WRKY33, RIN4, PR1 and NPR1. The results showed that overexpression of PR1 occurred 2 h after Pph infection without a concomitant increase in SA levels. Although apoplastic H2O2 increased after infection, the oxidative burst was neither intense nor rapid and an efficient antioxidant response did not occur, suggesting that the observed cellular damage was due to the initial increase in total H2O2 at early time points after infection. In conclusion, the Riñón variety can perceive the presence of Pph, but this recognition only results in a modest and slow activation of host defenses, leading to high susceptibility to Pph.


2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda K. Scholz-Schroeder ◽  
Michael L. Hutchison ◽  
Ingeborg Grgurina ◽  
Dennis C. Gross

Sequencing of an approximately 3.9-kb fragment downstream of the syrD gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B301D revealed that this region, designated sypA, codes for a peptide synthetase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in the thiotemplate mechanism of peptide biosynthesis. The translated protein sequence encompasses a complete amino acid activation module containing the conserved domains characteristic of peptide synthetases. Analysis of the substrate specificity region of this module indicates that it incorporates 2,3-dehydroaminobutyric acid into the syringopeptin peptide structure. Bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography data confirmed that disruption of the sypA gene in strain B301D resulted in the loss of syringopeptin production. The contribution of syringopeptin and syringomycin to the virulence of P. syringae pv. syringae strain B301D was examined in immature sweet cherry with sypA and syrB1 synthetase mutants defective in the production of the two toxins, respectively. Syringopeptin (sypA) and syringomycin (syrB1) mutants were reduced in virulence 59 and 26%, respectively, compared with the parental strain in cherry, whereas the syringopeptin-syringomycin double mutant was reduced 76% in virulence. These data demonstrate that syringopeptin and syringomycin are major virulence determinants of P. syringae pv. syringae.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Φωτεινή Πούλιου

Οι τρανσφεράσες της γλουταθειόνης είναι μια μεγάλη υπεροικογένεια ενζύμων που εμπλέκονται στο μεταβολισμό ξενοβιοτικών ενώσεων. Kαταλύουν τη διπλή πυρηνόφιλη σύζευξη στην οποία προάγεται η GSH προς όφελος των ηλεκτρονιόφιλων, υδρόφοβων και κυτταροτοξικών υποστρωμάτων. Το προϊόν της αντίδρασης εκκρίνεται από το κύτταρο, παρέχοντας έτσι έναν αμυντικό μηχανισμό έναντι των βλαβερών επιδράσεων των τοξικών ενώσεων και του οξειδωτικού στρες.Όσον αφορά στην πρώτη ενότητα της διατριβής, έπειτα από σάρωση της βιβλιοθήκης μεταλλαγμένων μορφών, επιλέχθηκαν τρεις αποικίες, οι sh4, sh15 και sh19, με βάση την ενζυμική δραστικότητα για το σύστημα GSH/alachlor, οι οποίες αποτέλεσαν μήτρα για την κατευθυνόμενη ενζυμική εξέλιξη. Aυτές κλωνοποιήθηκαν, εκφράστηκαν ετερόλογα και καθαρίστηκαν με χρωματογραφία συγγένειας. Ακολούθησε κινητική ανάλυση για το σύστημα GSH/CDNB όπου και υπολογίστηκαν οι κινητικές σταθερές. Πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη της εκλεκτικότητας των ισοενζύμων με διαφορετικά υποστρώματα για να ελεγχθούν πιθανές δράσεις που παρουσιάζουν. Επιπλέον, λύθηκε η κρυσταλλοδομή του ισοενζύμου sh4 με ανάλυση 2,27 Å. Στην προσπάθεια να διευρυνθεί η πολυπλοκότητα, πραγματοποιήθηκε ένας τρίτος κύκλος κατευθυνόμενης ενζυμικής εξέλιξης. Μελετήθηκαν και σε αυτή την περίπτωση τρεις αποικίες, οι shII5, shII6 και shII7. Ακολούθησε η ίδια διαδικασία χαρακτηρισμού των ισοενζύμων. Μελετήθηκε η θερμοδυναμική συμπεριφορά τους και υπολογίστηκε το σημείο τήξεως. Παρατηρήθηκε πως μέσω των επαναλαμβανόμενων κύκλων κατευθυνόμενης ενζυμικής εξέλιξης αυξήθηκε το σημείο τήξεως περίπου κατά 10 ºC. Ακολούθησε σάρωση φυτοπροστατευτικών προϊόντων ως δυνητικών αναστολέων του shII5 και φάνηκε ότι οι στρομπιλουρίνες αναστέλλουν την ενζυμική δραστικότητα του shII5. Έτσι, υπολογίστηκαν οι δείκτες ανασταλτικής ισχύος, όπου το pyrachlostrobin εμφάνισε τη μικρότερη τιμή. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε το είδος της αναστολής που επιφέρει το pyrachlostrobin στο ένζυμο μέσω κινητικής μελέτης, όπου φαίνεται να εμφανίζει μικτού τύπου αναστολή έχοντας ως μεταβαλλόμενα υποστρώματα τόσο το CDNB όσο και τη GSH. Τέλος, βασιζόμενοι στην αναστολή που παρουσιάζει το shII5 έναντι του pyrachlostrobin αναπτύχθηκε βιοαισθητήρας ανίχνευσής του σε περιβαλλοντικά δείγματα. Αρχικά το ένζυμο ακινητοποιήθηκε και πραγματοποιήθηκε κινητική μελέτη για το σύστημα GSH/CDNB. Υπολογίστηκε ο δείκτης IC50 για τo pyrachlostrobin με το ακινητοποιημένο ισοένζυμο. Τα αποτελέσματα των φασματοφωτομετρικών μετρήσεων χρησιμοποιώντας το ακινητοποιημένο ενζύμο σε διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις pyrachlostrobin έδειξαν ότι η σχέση μεταξύ της συγκέντρωσης του pyrachlostrobin και της παραμένουσας δραστικότητας φαίνεται να είναι γραμμική, για το συγκεκριμένο εύρος τιμών, με R2 99,5%. Η ευαισθησία, της μεθόδου που αναπτύχθηκε, βασίζεται στην ικανότητα που έχει το pyrachlostrobin να αναστέλλει ολοκληρωτικά την ενζυμική του δραστικότητα. Στην επόμενη ενότητα, διερευνήθηκαν GST ισοένζυμα που προέρχονται από φυτικούς και ζωικούς οργανισμούς. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετήθηκε ισοένζυμο που προέρχεται από τη Glycine max καθώς και δύο ισοένζυμα που προέρχονται από το Phaseolus vulgaris, τα οποία κλωνοποιήθηκαν, εκφράστηκαν σε Ε. Coli και καθαρίστηκαν με χρωματογραφία συγγένειας. Τα αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν ότι τα ισοένζυμα PvGSTU8.1 και PvGSTU8.2 εμφανίζουν περιορισμένη εκλεκτικότητα σε σύγκριση με το ισοένζυμο GmGSTU5-5. Επίσης, πραγματοποιήθηκε κινητική ανάλυση για να προσδιοριστούν οι κινητικές παράμετροι έναντι διαφορετικών ηλεκτρονιόφιλων υποστρωμάτων, καθώς και αναλόγων GSH. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκαν δύο ισοένζυμα που προέρχονται από Mus musculus. Το cDNA των ενζύμων απομονώθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας RT-PCR, κλωνοποιήθηκε, εκφράστηκε σε Ε. Coli και καθαρίστηκε με χρωματογραφία συγγένειας. Πραγματοποιήθηκε κινητική ανάλυση για να προσδιοριστούν οι κινητικές παράμετροι έναντι διαφορετικών ηλεκτρονιόφιλων υποστρωμάτων. Tέλος, λύθηκε η κρυσταλλοδομή του ισοενζύμου MmGSTP1-1 σε σύμπλεγμα με S-(4-νιτροβενζυλ)-GSH με ανάλυση 1,28 Α.


2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Arrebola ◽  
Francisco M. Cazorla ◽  
Diego Romero ◽  
Alejandro Pérez-García ◽  
Antonio de Vicente

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, which causes the bacterial apical necrosis of mango, produces the antimetabolite mangotoxin. We report here the cloning, sequencing, and identity analysis of a chromosomal region of 11.1 kb from strain P. syringae pv. syringae UMAF0158, which is involved in mangotoxin biosynthesis. This chromosomal region contains six complete open reading frames (ORFs), including a large gene (ORF5) with a modular architecture characteristic of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) named mgoA. A Tn 5 mutant disrupted in mgoA was defective in mangotoxin production, revealing the involvement of the putative NRPS gene in the biosynthesis of mangotoxin. This derivative strain impaired in mangotoxin production also showed a reduction in virulence as measured by necrotic symptoms on tomato leaflets. Mangotoxin production and virulence were restored fully in the NRPS mutant by complementation with plasmid pCG2-6, which contains an 11,103-bp chromosomal region cloned from the wildtype strain P. syringae pv. syringae UMAF0158 that includes the putative NPRS gene (mgoA). The results demonstrate that mgoA has a role in the virulence of P. syringae pv. syringae. The involvement of an NRPS in the production of an antimetabolite toxin from P. syringae inhibiting ornithine acetyltransferase activity is proposed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. González ◽  
Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona ◽  
Luis Godoy ◽  
Antonia Fernández-Lozano ◽  
A. Paula Rodiño ◽  
...  

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Trujillo-López ◽  
Oscar Camargo-Zendejas ◽  
Rafael Salgado-Garciglia ◽  
Horacio Cano-Camacho ◽  
Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre ◽  
...  

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a diazotrophic endophyte that is a potential biofertilizer. Little is known about the mechanisms of G. diazotrophicus interaction with its host plants. We tested the effect of UV light, as an inducer of secondary metabolite accumulation, on the association between common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedling roots and G. diazotrophicus. UV light irradiation of seedlings 4 h prior to bacterial inoculation increased the number of bacterial cells associated with the roots by 5.65-fold with respect to a nonirradiated control (p < 0.05). Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus associates with root hairs and root border cells. Aggregation of bacterial cells was observed in root structures from UV-induced seedlings. Secondary metabolite accumulation was also observed in roots from UV-irradiated seedlings.


2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 2341-2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Najimi ◽  
Manuel L. Lemos ◽  
Carlos R. Osorio

ABSTRACT Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiological agent of furunculosis in fish, produces a catechol-type siderophore under iron-limiting conditions. In this study, the Fur titration assay (FURTA) was used to identify a cluster of six genes, asbG, asbF, asbD, asbC, asbB, and asbI, encoding proteins similar to components of the siderophore biosynthetic machinery in other bacteria. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses showed that this cluster consists of four iron-regulated transcriptional units. Mutants with deletions in either asbD (encoding a multidomain nonribosomal peptide synthetase), asbG (encoding a histidine decarboxylase), or asbC (encoding a predicted histamine monooxygenase) did not grow under iron-limiting conditions and did not produce siderophores. Growth of the ΔasbG strain under iron starvation conditions was restored by addition of histamine, suggesting that the siderophore in this species could contain a histamine-derived moiety. None of the mutants could grow in the presence of transferrin, indicating that A. salmonicida uses the catechol-type siderophore for removal of iron from transferrin rather than relying on a receptor for this iron-binding protein. All 18 A. salmonicida strains analyzed by DNA probe hybridization were positive in tests for the presence of the asbD gene, and all of them promoted the growth of asbD, asbG, and asbC mutants, suggesting that this siderophore-mediated iron uptake system is conserved among A. salmonicida isolates. This study provides the first description of siderophore biosynthesis genes in this fish pathogen, and the results demonstrate that the asbD, asbG, and asbC genes are necessary for the production of a catecholate siderophore that is essential for the growth of A. salmonicida under iron limitation conditions.


2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Wang ◽  
Shi-En Lu ◽  
Qingwu Yang ◽  
Sing-Hoi Sze ◽  
Dennis C. Gross

ABSTRACT The phytotoxins syringopeptin and syringomycin are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases which are encoded by the syringomycin (syr) and syringopeptin (syp) genomic island of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Previous studies demonstrated that expression of the syr-syp genes was controlled by the salA-syrF regulatory pathway, which in turn was induced by plant signal molecules. In this study, the 132-kb syr-syp genomic island was found to be organized into five polycistronic operons along with eight individual genes based on reverse transcriptional PCR and bioinformatic analysis. The transcriptional start sites of the salA gene and operons III and IV were located 63, 75, and 104 bp upstream of the start codons of salA, syrP, and syrB1, respectively, using primer extension analysis. The predicted −10/−35 promoter region of operon IV was confirmed based on deletion and site-directed mutagenesis analyses of the syrB1::uidA reporter with β-glucuronidase assays. A 20-bp conserved sequence (TGtCccgN6cggGaCA, termed the syr-syp box) with dyad symmetry around the −35 region was identified via computer analysis for the syr-syp genes/operons responsible for biosynthesis and secretion of syringomycin and syringopeptin. Expression of the syrB1::uidA fusion was decreased 59% when 6 bp was deleted from the 5′ end of the syr-syp box in the promoter region of operon IV. These results demonstrate that the conserved promoter sequences of the syr-syp genes contribute to the coregulation of syringomycin and syringopeptin production.


Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 2993-3001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Françoise Coëffet-Le Gal ◽  
Lisa Thurston ◽  
Paul Rich ◽  
Vivian Miao ◽  
Richard H. Baltz

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseosporus and recently commercialized as Cubicin® (daptomycin-for-injection) for treatment of skin and skin-structure infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Daptomycin is synthesized by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) encoded by three overlapping genes, dptA, dptBC and dptD. The dptE and dptF genes, immediately upstream of dptA, are likely to be involved in the initiation of daptomycin biosynthesis by coupling decanoic acid to the N-terminal Trp. Analysis of RT-PCR data suggests that dptE, dptF, dptA, dptBC, dptD and possibly other dpt genes are transcribed as one large message; however, it has been demonstrated that sequential translation of these genes from a long transcript is not essential for robust daptomycin production. The dptA and the dptD genes were deleted from the dpt gene cluster, and expressed from ectopic positions in the chromosome under the control of the strong constitutive ermEp* promoter to produce high levels of lipopeptides. This three-locus trans-complementation system was used to produce hybrid lipopeptide antibiotics by introducing the heterologous lptD and cdaPS3 genes from Streptomyces fradiae and Streptomyces coelicolor, respectively, to complement the ΔdptD mutation.


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