scholarly journals Licensed and Recommended Inactivated Oral CholeraVaccines: From Development to Innovative Deployment

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Deen ◽  
John D. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Cholera Vaccination ◽  
And Control ◽  
Effectiveness Studies ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure

Cholera is a disease of poverty and occurs where there is a lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Since improved water supply and sanitation infrastructure cannot be implemented immediately in many high-risk areas, vaccination against cholera is an important additional tool for prevention and control. We describe the development of licensed and recommended inactivated oral cholera vaccines (OCVs), including the results of safety, efficacy and effectiveness studies and the creation of the global OCV stockpile. Over the years, the public health strategy for oral cholera vaccination has broadened—from purely pre-emptive use to reactive deployment to help control outbreaks. Limited supplies of OCV doses continues to be an important problem. We discuss various innovative dosing and delivery approaches that have been assessed and implemented and evidence of herd protection conferred by OCVs. We expect that the demand for OCVs will continue to increase in the coming years across many countries.

scholarly journals The Public Health Strategy for Palliative Care

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Stjernswärd ◽  
Kathleen M. Foley ◽  
Frank D. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Strategy

scholarly journals Health Information: Applications and challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Sheree Lloyd ◽  
Sue M Walker ◽  
Ani Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Strategic Investment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Information Reporting ◽  
Health Strategy

Global health systems are under immense pressure with the exponential growth and spread of COVID-19.  Public health and health system responses to the pandemic have relied on health information reporting, visualisation, and projections of incidence, morbidity, and mortality. This commentary aims to explore how health information has been used to inform the public, manage risk, understand capacity, prepare the health system and to plan public health strategy.  We also aim to share the health information challenges and our insights to inform future debate and strategic investment.  This paper will be relevant to health service and health information managers wanting to understand vulnerabilities and focus for future health information initiatives.

Transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 2307-2316
Author(s):  
Zhongyi Wang ◽  
Yingying Fu ◽  
Zhendong Guo ◽  
Jiaming Li ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
The Public ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
And Control

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel virus of the β-coronavirus genus (SARS-CoV-2), has been spreading globally. As of July 2020, there have been more than 17 million cases worldwide. Determining multiple transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is critical to improving safety practices for the public and stemming the spread of SARS-CoV-2 effectively. This article mainly focuses on published studies on the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 including contact transmission, droplet transmission, aerosol transmission and fecal-oral transmission, as well as related research approaches, such as epidemiological investigations, environmental sampling in hospitals and laboratories and animal models. We also provide four specific recommendations for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 that may help reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection under different environmental conditions. First, social distancing, rational use of face masks and respirators, eye protection, and hand disinfection for medical staff and the general public deserve further attention and promotion. Second, aerodynamic characteristics, such as size distribution, release regularity, aerosol diffusion, survival and decline, infectious dose and spread distance, still require further investigation in order to identify the transmissibility of COVID-19. Third, background monitoring of the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms and environmental disinfection in crowded public places, such as railway stations, schools, hospitals and other densely populated areas, can give early warning of outbreaks and curb the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in those high-risk areas. Forth, establishing novel predictive models can help us to not only assess transmission and impacts in communities, but also better implement corresponding emergency response measures.

Increasing rational use of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease in Brazil: Public health strategy combining guideline with peer-review of prescriptions

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Dornelles Picon ◽  
Ana Luiza Camozzato ◽  
Elaine A. Lapporte ◽  
Rafael V. Picon ◽  
Humberto Moser Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
National Guideline ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Public Health Strategy ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Strategy

Objectives: Since 2002, the treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors (CHEIs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been paid for by the public health system of the Brazilian Ministry of Health for any patient that fulfills clinical criteria established by an evidence-based guideline developed and published by the Ministry. The aim of this study was to evaluate compliance of prescription patterns to the national guideline for use of CHEIs’ in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.Methods: We created a regional expert-committee reference center to review all prescriptions of CHEIs and to send feedback to physicians whenever prescriptions without compliance to the guideline were noted. One thousand three hundred ninety-nine (1,399) CHEI prescriptions presented to the public health system from 2005 to 2007 were evaluated by an expert team of neurologists and psychiatrists. Clinical history, performance on mental status screening by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR), laboratory results, and neuroimaging findings were evaluated in relation to the adherence to the national guideline's recommendations. If the prescription was rejected because of lack of adherence to the criteria of the guideline, a written response was sent by the expert committee to physicians concerning the request.Results: The majority of the requests (n = 1,044; 75 percent) did not meet the AD guideline's criteria, either for diagnosis or for treatment, and were not granted. A diagnostic mistake was evident in 64.3 percent of cases. Findings of vascular or Parkinson's dementia or severe AD were the main reasons for rejection. Rivastigmine was the most prescribed cholinesterase inhibitor, used in 86 percent of cases. Of note was the reduction in the number of CHEIs prescriptions in the years following this intervention.Conclusions: The public health strategy of using expert-review of prescriptions and their compliance to national guideline revealed a low rate of rational use of CHEIs for dementia. Such a strategy is relevant for protecting patients from unproven medical interventions and for reducing waste of resources.

Accounting and Control as Mechanisms for Solving Economic Problems as Viewed by Russian Citizens of the Perestroika Era (Based on the Analysis of Letters to the Authorities)

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Ol’ga D. Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Cooperative Movement ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Boris Yeltsin

This article deals with the public attitude toward the economic reforms of 1989–1990, specifically, the citizens’ suggestions on how to improve the country’s economy. The author analyses previously unpublished letters written by Russian citizens and addressed to the country’s leaders (Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev) or sent to Soviet newspapers. To investigate people’s mental attitudes, the article focuses not only on social polling, but also on emotions, feelings, and thoughts shared by the letterwriters. The author of this article maintains that many citizens feared that the country would be swept away by the avalanche of capitalism and were prejudiced against perestroika-induced innovations. Habitual mental attitudes were undermined by the cooperative movement and private entrepreneurship. Various unrealistic and paradoxical suggestions were not infrequently made by the letter-writers who knew very little, if anything, about market economy. The majority of people suggested that command economy with its bureaucratic flavour should be improved. The analysis shows that Russian citizens’ mental attitudes were predominantly shaped by the notion of a bipolar world, as well as by Vladimir Lenin’s teaching about the socialist state and its role in the accounting and control over the Soviet state. The letters demonstrate that Russian citizens hoped to upgrade the Soviet economy through improvements introduced into the system of accounting and control, through harsher regulatory measures imposed on the economic system, as well as through rationing and strictly supervised distribution of goods. Many people believed that socialism was inviolable and that the Soviet economy could be improved by means of administrative reforms.

Extremes of Temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Krake
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.

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