scholarly journals The Black Hole Firewall Transformation and Realism in Quantum Mechanics

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Gerard ’t ’t Hooft
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Particle Interactions ◽  
Unitary Evolution ◽  
Penrose Diagram ◽  
Dynamical Features ◽  
Antipodal Identification

A procedure to derive a unitary evolution law for a quantised black hole has been proposed by the author. The proposal requires that one starts off with the entire Penrose diagram for the eternal black hole as the background metric, after which one has to invoke the antipodal identification in order to see how the two asymptotic domains of this metric both refer to the same outside world. In this paper, we focus on the need to include time reversal in applying this identification. This forces us to postulate the existence of an ‘anti-vacuum’ state in our world, which is the state where energy density reaches a maximal value. We find that this squares well with the deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics, according to which quantum Hilbert space is to be regarded as the ‘vector representation’ of a real world. One has to understand how to deal with gravity in such considerations. The non-perturbative component of the gravitational force seems to involve cut-and-paste procedures as dynamical features of space and time, of which the re-arrangement of space-time into two connected domains in the Penrose diagram is a primary example. Thus, we attempt to obtain new insights in the nature of particle interactions at the Planck scale, as well as quantum mechanics itself.

scholarly journals QUANTIZATION OF BLACK HOLES

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (30) ◽  
pp. 2299-2304 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAO-GANG HE ◽  
BO-QIANG MA
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Effect ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Black Hole Entropy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Primordial Black Holes ◽  
Entropic Force ◽  
Entropy Formula

We show that black holes can be quantized in an intuitive and elegant way with results in agreement with conventional knowledge of black holes by using Bohr's idea of quantizing the motion of an electron inside the atom in quantum mechanics. We find that properties of black holes can also be derived from an ansatz of quantized entropy [Formula: see text], which was suggested in a previous work to unify the black hole entropy formula and Verlinde's conjecture to explain gravity as an entropic force. Such an Ansatz also explains gravity as an entropic force from quantum effect. This suggests a way to unify gravity with quantum theory. Several interesting and surprising results of black holes are given from which we predict the existence of primordial black holes ranging from Planck scale both in size and energy to big ones in size but with low energy behaviors.

scholarly journals DOES BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION IMPLY THAT PHYSICS IS NONUNITARY, AND IF SO, WHAT MUST THE LAWS OF PHYSICS LOOK LIKE?

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (05) ◽  
pp. 847-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFFEN GIELEN
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Semiclassical Approximation ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Unitary Evolution ◽  
Black Hole Evaporation ◽  
Information Loss Paradox ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Energy Momentum Conservation

Stephen Hawking's discovery of black hole evaporation has the remarkable consequence that information is destroyed by a black hole, which can only be accommodated by modifying the laws of quantum mechanics. Different attempts to evade the information loss paradox were subsequently suggested, apparently without a satisfactory resolution of the paradox. On the other hand, attempting to include nonunitarity in quantum mechanics might lead to laws predicting observable consequences such as nonlocality or violation of energy–momentum conservation; but it may be possible to circumvent these obstacles. Recent developments seem to require a different view on quantum gravity and suggest that ideas about locality in physics and Hawking's semiclassical approximation are misleading. An accurate description may show unitary evolution and no information loss after all.

Thermodynamics of the singularity of a black hole and the mass of the rebound

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Kuyukov
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Planck Scale

In this paper, we analyze the singularity of a black hole based on a modification of general relativity. There is an equilibrium condition on the Planck scale. This makes it possible to study the thermodynamics of the singularity of a black hole.

scholarly journals Infrared effects in the late stages of black hole evaporation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Éanna É. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Order Unity ◽  
Intrinsic Angular Momentum ◽  
Hole Position ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Shear Tensor

Abstract As a black hole evaporates, each outgoing Hawking quantum carries away some of the black holes asymptotic charges associated with the extended Bondi-Metzner-Sachs group. These include the Poincaré charges of energy, linear momentum, intrinsic angular momentum, and orbital angular momentum or center-of-mass charge, as well as extensions of these quantities associated with supertranslations and super-Lorentz transformations, namely supermomentum, superspin and super center-of-mass charges (also known as soft hair). Since each emitted quantum has fluctuations that are of order unity, fluctuations in the black hole’s charges grow over the course of the evaporation. We estimate the scale of these fluctuations using a simple model. The results are, in Planck units: (i) The black hole position has a uncertainty of $$ \sim {M}_i^2 $$ ∼ M i 2 at late times, where Mi is the initial mass (previously found by Page). (ii) The black hole mass M has an uncertainty of order the mass M itself at the epoch when M ∼ $$ {M}_i^{2/3} $$ M i 2 / 3 , well before the Planck scale is reached. Correspondingly, the time at which the evaporation ends has an uncertainty of order $$ \sim {M}_i^2 $$ ∼ M i 2 . (iii) The supermomentum and superspin charges are not independent but are determined from the Poincaré charges and the super center-of-mass charges. (iv) The supertranslation that characterizes the super center-of-mass charges has fluctuations at multipole orders l of order unity that are of order unity in Planck units. At large l, there is a power law spectrum of fluctuations that extends up to l ∼ $$ {M}_i^2/M $$ M i 2 / M , beyond which the fluctuations fall off exponentially, with corresponding total rms shear tensor fluctuations ∼ MiM−3/2.

scholarly journals Black Hole Interior from Loop Quantum Gravity

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Modesto
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Event Horizon ◽  
Loop Quantum Gravity ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Semiclassical Analysis ◽  
Schwarzschild Solution ◽  
Quantum Black Hole ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Black Hole Interior

We calculate modifications to the Schwarzschild solution by using a semiclassical analysis of loop quantum black hole. We obtain a metric inside the event horizon that coincides with the Schwarzschild solution near the horizon but that is substantially different at the Planck scale. In particular, we obtain a bounce of theS2sphere for a minimum value of the radius and that it is possible to have another event horizon close to ther=0point.

THE UNREASONABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPONENTIALLY SUPPRESSED CORRECTIONS IN PRESERVING INFORMATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1342030 ◽  
Author(s):  
KYRIAKOS PAPADODIMAS ◽  
SUVRAT RAJU
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Nonperturbative Effects ◽  
Von Neumann Entropy ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Black Hole Evaporation ◽  
Strong Subadditivity ◽  
Unreasonable Effectiveness

We point out that nonperturbative effects in quantum gravity are sufficient to reconcile the process of black hole evaporation with quantum mechanics. In ordinary processes, these corrections are unimportant because they are suppressed by e-S. However, they gain relevance in information-theoretic considerations because their small size is offset by the corresponding largeness of the Hilbert space. In particular, we show how such corrections can cause the von Neumann entropy of the emitted Hawking quanta to decrease after the Page time, without modifying the thermal nature of each emitted quantum. Second, we show that exponentially suppressed commutators between operators inside and outside the black hole are sufficient to resolve paradoxes associated with the strong subadditivity of entropy without any dramatic modifications of the geometry near the horizon.

scholarly journals Black hole quantum mechanics in the presence of species

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 768-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dvali ◽  
C. Gomez ◽  
D. Lüst
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics

scholarly journals Quantum mechanics of the interior of the Russo-Susskind-Thorlacius black hole

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin G. Daghigh ◽  
Michael D. Green ◽  
Gabor Kunstatter
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics

scholarly journals Prospecting black hole thermodynamics with fractional quantum mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jalalzadeh ◽  
F. Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
P. V. Moniz
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Acta Math ◽  
Black Hole Thermodynamics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Fractional Quantum ◽  
C 73 ◽  
Fractional Parameter

AbstractThis paper investigates whether the framework of fractional quantum mechanics can broaden our perspective of black hole thermodynamics. Concretely, we employ a space-fractional derivative (Riesz in Acta Math 81:1, 1949) as our main tool. Moreover, we restrict our analysis to the case of a Schwarzschild configuration. From a subsequently modified Wheeler–DeWitt equation, we retrieve the corresponding expressions for specific observables. Namely, the black hole mass spectrum, M, its temperature T, and entropy, S. We find that these bear consequential alterations conveyed through a fractional parameter, $$\alpha $$ α . In particular, the standard results are recovered in the specific limit $$\alpha =2$$ α = 2 . Furthermore, we elaborate how generalizations of the entropy-area relation suggested by Tsallis and Cirto (Eur Phys J C 73:2487, 2013) and Barrow (Phys Lett B 808:135643, 2020) acquire a complementary interpretation in terms of a fractional point of view. A thorough discussion of our results is presented.

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