scholarly journals Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Isolated from Diseased Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus sifanicus)

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Shijun Bao ◽  
Kai An ◽  
Chunguo Liu ◽  
Xiaoyong Xing ◽  
Xiaoping Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Musk Deer ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Vp60 Gene

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is the causative agent of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), and its infection results in mortality of 70–90% in farmed and wild rabbits. RHDV is thought to replicate strictly in rabbits. However, there are also reports showing that gene segments from the RHDV genome or antibodies against RHDV have been detected in other animals. Here, we report the detection and isolation of a RHDV from diseased Alpine musk deer (Moschussifanicus). The clinical manifestations in those deer were sudden death without clinical signs and hemorrhage in the internal organs. To identify the potential causative agents of the disease, we used sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA) to detect gene segments from viruses in the tissue samples collected from the dead deer. From the obtained sequences, we identified some gene fragments showing very high nucleotide sequence similarity with RHDV genome. Furthermore, we identified caliciviral particles using an electron microscope in the samples. The new virus was designated as RHDV GS/YZ. We then designed primers based on the genome sequence of an RHDV strain CD/China to amplify and sequence the whole genome of the virus. The genome of the virus was determined to be 7437 nucleotides in length, sharing the highest genome sequence identity of 98.7% with a Chinese rabbit strain HB. The virus was assigned to the G2 genotype of RHDVs according to the phylogenetic analyses based on both the full-length genome and VP60 gene sequences. Animal experiments showed that GS/YZ infection in rabbits resulted in the macroscopic and microscopic lesions similar to that caused by the other RHDVs. This is the first report of RHDV isolated from Alpine musk deer, and our findings extended the epidemiology and host range of RHDV.

scholarly journals Multiple Introductions of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 in Africa

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Faten Ben Chehida ◽  
Ana M. Lopes ◽  
João V. Côrte-Real ◽  
Soufien Sghaier ◽  
Rim Aouini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
New Genotype

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) causes high mortality and morbidity in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In Africa, the presence of the causative agent, the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), was first confirmed in 1992 (genotype Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1). In 2015, the new genotype Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 (RHDV2/b) was detected in Tunisia. Currently, GI.2 strains are present in several North and Sub-Saharan African countries. Considerable economic losses have been observed in industrial and traditional African rabbitries due to RHDV. Like other RNA viruses, this virus presents high recombination rates, with the emergence of GI.2 being associated with a recombinant strain. Recombination events have been detected with both pathogenic (GI.1b and GII.1) and benign (GI.3 and GI.4) strains. We obtained complete genome sequences of Tunisian GI.2 strains collected between 2018 and 2020 and carried out phylogenetic analyses. The results revealed that Tunisian strains are GI.3P-GI.2 strains that were most likely introduced from Europe. In addition, the results support the occurrence of multiple introductions of GI.2 into Africa, stressing the need for characterizing complete genome sequences of the circulating lagoviruses to uncover their origin. Continued monitoring and control of rabbit trade will grant a better containment of the disease and reduce the disease-associated economic losses.

Experimental Study of the Mechanical Transmission of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV2/b) by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Calvete ◽  
S Delacour ◽  
R V Oropeza-Velasquez ◽  
R Estrada ◽  
M P Sarto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Clinical Changes

Abstract Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is caused by a lagovirus mainly affecting European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), although other European and North American lagomorph species are also susceptible to fatal infection by the new viral variant RHDV2/b. In the present work, direct mechanical transmission of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2/b variant) by the hematophagous Diptera Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) was tested. For each species, six and three laboratory rabbits were exposed to bites of dipterous females partially fed on RHDV2/b viral suspension 2 h and 24 h prior to exposure, respectively. The rabbits were then monitored for clinical changes and mortality for 35 d, and seroconversion was assessed by indirect ELISA. No rabbit died or showed clinical signs of disease, and seroconversion was recorded in two rabbits challenged with P. papatasi females fed the viral suspension 2 h prior to exposure. The number of RHDV2/b RNA copies/female was higher in Ae. albopictus than in P. papatasi but the decrease over time of RNA load in Ae. albopictus was greater than that in P. papatasi. The results of this study suggest the inability of Ae. albopictus to serve as a direct mechanical vector of RHDV2/b, but sand flies could play a role in the local transmission of RHD.

scholarly journals Recombinant VP60 in the form of virion-like particles as a potential vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Gromadzka ◽  
Bogusław Szewczyk ◽  
Grazyna Konopa ◽  
Andrzej Fitzner ◽  
Andrzej Kesy
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Vp60 Gene ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Domestic Rabbits

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) which causes a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic rabbits belongs to the family Caliciviridae. It is a small, positive single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of 7.5 kb and has a diameter of approximately 40 nm. In negatively stained electron micrographs the virus shows typical calicivirus morphology with regularly arranged cup-shaped structures on the surface. It is a major pathogen of rabbits in many countries. Vp60 - a coat protein of molecular mass around 60 kDa is the major antigen of RHDV. It is present as 90 dimeric units per virion particle. We have expressed VP60 gene in the baculovirus system with the aim to use it as a potential vaccine against RHDV and a diagnostic reagent in immunological tests. cDNA of the vp60 gene of strain SGM, was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector as full-length gene, as well as truncated gene lacking 600 5'-terminal nucleotides. The sequence of SGM VP60 differed markedly from that of the reference strain. Full-length recombinant VP60 protein from the SGM strain self-assembled to form virus-like particles (VLPs). These particles observed by electron microscopy were morphologically similar to native virions and were able to agglutinate human group 0 erythrocytes. After immunization the recombinant particles induced RHDV-specific antibodies in rabbits and guinea pigs. Rabbits immunized with the VLPs were fully protected against challenge with a virulent RHDV.

The effect of the promoter on expression of VP60 gene from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in potato plants

Plant Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Castañón ◽  
José M. Martı́n-Alonso ◽  
Marı́a S. Marı́n ◽  
José A. Boga ◽  
Pablo Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Vp60 Gene

Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110224
Author(s):  
Laura B. A. Williams ◽  
Steven E. Edmonds ◽  
Susan R. Kerr ◽  
Liam E. Broughton-Neiswanger ◽  
Kevin R. Snekvik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Pathologic Finding ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) causes an often-fatal disease of rabbits that has resulted in outbreaks in rabbitries in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia. RHD has historically been characterized as a foreign animal disease in the United States. In July 2019, RHDV2 was detected in rabbits on Orcas Island along the northwestern coast of Washington (WA) State following reports of deaths in multiple feral and domestic rabbits. We document and highlight here the unique clinical presentation and gross and histologic lesions observed in this recent WA outbreak. Affected rabbits died without premonitory signs or displayed hyporexia and/or lethargy for ≤1 d prior to death. The most consistent pathologic finding was random, multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, often with concurrent multifocal-to-diffuse splenic necrosis. The lack of significant clinical signs in conjunction with the random distribution of hepatic necrosis in the WA outbreak contrasts with previous reports of RHDV2 disease progression.

scholarly journals Genotyping of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus detected in diseased rabbits in Egyptian Provinces by VP60 sequencing

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Azhar G. Shalaby
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Hemagglutination Assay ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Vp60 Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Virus Strains

Background and Aim: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an economically important disorder of rabbits, where infection results in severe losses to the meat and fur industries. Our goal was to characterize the RHD virus (RHDV) strains currently circulating in different regions of Egypt. Materials and Methods: Fifty rabbits suspected of harboring RHDV from 15 Egyptian governorates were evaluated. Diseased rabbits were identified by clinical signs and postmortem lesions. RHDV was confirmed through hemagglutination assay (HA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the VP60 gene was performed for genotyping. Results: From 50 rabbits, we identified 16 cases of RHDV (32%) by HA and PCR, including seven males and nine females. We identified two distinct genotypes through sequencing of an amplified fragment of the virus VP 60 gene. One group is composed of those circulating primarily in upper Egypt, which is closely related to the classical G3-G5 virus strains, and the second group, circulating predominantly in lower Egypt, was more closely related to the RHDV2 variant. The overall nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 78.4% to 100%, and identity with the vaccine strains ranged from 78.8% to 91.1%. Conclusion: Our results constitute important documentation of RHDV strains currently circulating in Egypt. The findings suggest that there may be a limit to the effectiveness of currently applied vaccine strains as this formulation may not cover all circulating strains. A wider investigation that includes both domestic and wild rabbits will be needed to identify appropriate control measures for this disease.

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