scholarly journals Structures and Functional Diversities of ASFV Proteins

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Guoguo Wang ◽  
Mengjia Xie ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Zhongzhou Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Shell Proteins ◽  
Large Virus

African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative pathogen of the recent ASF epidemic, is a highly contagious double-stranded DNA virus. Its genome is in the range of 170~193 kbp and encodes 68 structural proteins and over 100 non-structural proteins. Its high pathogenicity strains cause nearly 100% mortality in swine. Consisting of four layers of protein shells and an inner genome, its structure is obviously more complicated than many other viruses, and its multi-layered structures play different kinds of roles in ASFV replication and survival. Each layer possesses many proteins, but very few of the proteins have been investigated at a structural level. Here, we concluded all the ASFV proteins whose structures were unveiled, and explained their functions from the view of structures. Those structures include ASFV AP endonuclease, dUTPases (E165R), pS273R protease, core shell proteins p15 and p35, non-structural proteins pA151R, pNP868R (RNA guanylyltransferase), major capsid protein p72 (gene B646L), Bcl-2-like protein A179L, histone-like protein pA104R, sulfhydryl oxidase pB119L, polymerase X and ligase. These novel structural features, diverse functions, and complex molecular mechanisms promote ASFV to escape the host immune system easily and make this large virus difficult to control.

scholarly journals The main DNA viruses significantly affecting pig livestock

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Díaz ◽  
Vladimír Celer ◽  
Ivo Frébort
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Porcine Circoviruses

AbstractSwine DNA viruses have developed unique mechanisms for evasion of the host immune system, infection and DNA replication, and finally, construction and release of new viral particles. This article reviews four classes of DNA viruses affecting swine: porcine circoviruses, African swine fever virus, porcine parvoviruses, and pseudorabies virus. Porcine circoviruses belonging to the Circoviridae family are small single-stranded DNA viruses causing different diseases in swine including poly-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, and porcine respiratory disease complex. African swine fever virus, the only member of the Asfivirus genus in the Asfarviridae family, is a large double-stranded DNA virus and for its propensity to cause high mortality, it is currently considered the most dangerous virus in the pig industry. Porcine parvoviruses are small single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family that cause reproductive failure in pregnant gilts. Pseudorabies virus, or suid herpesvirus 1, is a large double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family and Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. Recent findings including general as well as genetic classification, virus structure, clinical syndromes and the host immune system responses and vaccine protection are described for all four swine DNA virus classes.

scholarly journals Roles of African swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jia ◽  
Yunwen Ou ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak ◽  
Yongguang Zhang ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Double Stranded Dna

AbstractAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus and the sole member of the Asfarviridae family. ASFV infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (Ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. The major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. The virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. Currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies against its spread are culling infected pigs and maintaining high biosecurity standards. African swine fever (ASF) spread to Europe from Africa in the middle of the 20th century, and later also to South America and the Caribbean. Since then, ASF has spread more widely and thus is still a great challenge for swine breeding. The genome of ASFV ranges in length from about 170 to 193 kbp depending on the isolate and contains between 150 and 167 open reading frames (ORFs). The ASFV genome encodes 150 to 200 proteins, around 50 of them structural. The roles of virus structural proteins in viral infection have been described. These proteins, such as pp220, pp62, p72, p54, p30, and CD2v, serve as the major component of virus particles and have roles in attachment, entry, and replication. All studies on ASFV proteins lay a good foundation upon which to clarify the infection mechanism and develop vaccines and diagnosis methods. In this paper, the roles of ASFV structural proteins in viral infection are reviewed.

scholarly journals Exceptionally diverse morphotypes and genomes of crenarchaeal hyperthermophilic viruses

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Prangishvili ◽  
R.A. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Sequence Patterns ◽  
Hydrothermal Environments ◽  
Homologous Orfs ◽  
Reading Frames

The remarkable diversity of the morphologies of viruses found in terrestrial hydrothermal environments with temperatures >80°C is unprecedented for aquatic ecosystems. The best-studied viruses from these habitats have been assigned to novel viral families: Fuselloviridae, Lipothrixviridae and Rudiviridae. They all have double-stranded DNA genomes and infect hyperthermophilic crenarchaea of the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales. Representatives of the different viral families share a few homologous ORFs (open reading frames). However, about 90% of all ORFs in the seven sequenced genomes show no significant matches to sequences in public databases. This suggests that these hyperthermophilic viruses have exceptional biochemical solutions for biological functions. Specific features of genome organization, as well as strategies for DNA replication, suggest that phylogenetic relationships exist between crenarchaeal rudiviruses and the large eukaryal DNA viruses: poxviruses, the African swine fever virus and Chlorella viruses. Sequence patterns at the ends of the linear genome of the lipothrixvirus AFV1 are reminiscent of the telomeric ends of linear eukaryal chromosomes and suggest that a primitive telomeric mechanism operates in this virus.

scholarly journals Pacmanvirus, a New Giant Icosahedral Virus at the Crossroads between Asfarviridae and Faustoviruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Andreani ◽  
Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil ◽  
Madhumati Sevvana ◽  
Samia Benamar ◽  
Fabrizio Di Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Acanthamoeba Castellanii ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Protein Locus

ABSTRACT African swine fever virus, a double-stranded DNA virus that infects pigs, is the only known member of the Asfarviridae family. Nevertheless, during our isolation and sequencing of the complete genome of faustovirus, followed by the description of kaumoebavirus, carried out over the past 2 years, we observed the emergence of previously unknown related viruses within this group of viruses. Here we describe the isolation of pacmanvirus, a fourth member in this group, which is capable of infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii. Pacmanvirus A23 has a linear compact genome of 395,405 bp, with a 33.62% G+C content. The pacmanvirus genome harbors 465 genes, with a high coding density. An analysis of reciprocal best hits shows that 31 genes are conserved between African swine fever virus, pacmanvirus, faustovirus, and kaumoebavirus. Moreover, the major capsid protein locus of pacmanvirus appears to be different from those of kaumoebavirus and faustovirus. Overall, comparative and genomic analyses reveal the emergence of a new group or cluster of viruses encompassing African swine fever virus, faustovirus, pacmanvirus, and kaumoebavirus. IMPORTANCE Pacmanvirus is a newly discovered icosahedral double-stranded DNA virus that was isolated from an environmental sample by amoeba coculture. We describe herein its structure and replicative cycle, along with genomic analysis and genomic comparisons with previously known viruses. This virus represents the third virus, after faustovirus and kaumoebavirus, that is most closely related to classical representatives of the Asfarviridae family. These results highlight the emergence of previously unknown double-stranded DNA viruses which delineate and extend the diversity of a group around the asfarvirus members.

scholarly journals Regulation and Evasion of Host Immune Response by African Swine Fever Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Bincai Yang ◽  
Xu Yuan ◽  
Jinxuan Hong ◽  
Min Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Different Levels

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute lethal hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars; is widely epidemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America; and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF is caused by the infection of the ASF virus (ASFV), a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Here, we review how the virus regulates the host immune response and its mechanisms at different levels, including interferon modulation, inflammation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, and cellular immunity.

scholarly journals Inhibition of a Large Double-Stranded DNA Virus by MxA Protein

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 2310-2320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Netherton ◽  
Jennifer Simpson ◽  
Otto Haller ◽  
Thomas E. Wileman ◽  
Haru-Hisa Takamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Late Protein ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Negative Sense

ABSTRACT Increasing evidence points to the importance of the interferon (IFN) response in determining the host range and virulence of African swine fever virus (ASFV). Infection with attenuated strains of ASFV leads to the upregulation of genes controlled by IFN pathways, including myxovirus resistance (Mx) genes that are potent effectors of the antiviral state. Mx gene products are known to inhibit the replication of many negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, as well as double-stranded RNA viruses, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, and the reverse-transcribing DNA virus hepatitis B virus. Here, we provide data that extend the known range of viruses inhibited by Mx to include the large double-stranded DNA viruses. Stably transfected Vero cells expressing human MxA protein did not support ASFV plaque formation, and virus replication in these cells was reduced 100-fold compared with that in control cells. In contrast, ASFV replication in cells expressing MxB protein or a mutant MxA protein was similar to that in control Vero cells. There was a drastic reduction in ASFV late protein synthesis in MxA-expressing cells, correlating with the results of previous work on the effect of IFN on viral replication. Strikingly, the inhibition of ASFV replication was linked to the recruitment of MxA protein to perinuclear viral assembly sites, where the protein surrounded the virus factories. Interactions between ASFV and MxA were similar to those seen between MxA and different RNA viruses, suggesting a common inhibitory mechanism.

scholarly journals A Proteomic Atlas of the African Swine Fever Virus Particle

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alí Alejo ◽  
Tania Matamoros ◽  
Milagros Guerra ◽  
Germán Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Virus Particle ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Proteins

ABSTRACTAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large and complex DNA virus that causes a highly lethal swine disease for which there is no vaccine available. The ASFV particle, with an icosahedral multilayered structure, contains multiple polypeptides whose identity is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed by mass spectroscopy the protein composition of highly purified extracellular ASFV particles and performed immunoelectron microscopy to localize several of the detected proteins. The proteomic analysis identified 68 viral proteins, which account for 39% of the genome coding capacity. The ASFV proteome includes essentially all the previously described virion proteins and, interestingly, 44 newly identified virus-packaged polypeptides, half of which have an unknown function. A great proportion of the virion proteins are committed to the virus architecture, including two newly identified structural proteins, p5 and p8, which are derived from the core polyproteins pp220 and pp62, respectively. In addition, the virion contains a full complement of enzymes and factors involved in viral transcription, various enzymes implicated in DNA repair and protein modification, and some proteins concerned with virus entry and host defense evasion. Finally, 21 host proteins, many of them localized at the cell surface and related to the cortical actin cytoskeleton, were reproducibly detected in the ASFV particle. Immunoelectron microscopy strongly supports the suggestion that these host membrane-associated proteins are recruited during virus budding at actin-dependent membrane protrusions. Altogether, the results of this study provide a comprehensive model of the ASFV architecture that integrates both compositional and structural information.IMPORTANCEAfrican swine fever virus causes a highly contagious and lethal disease of swine that currently affects many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the Caucasus, the Russian Federation, and Eastern Europe and has very recently spread to China. Despite extensive research, effective vaccines or antiviral strategies are still lacking, and many basic questions on the molecular mechanisms underlying the infective cycle remain. One such gap regards the composition and structure of the infectious virus particle. In the study described in this report, we identified the set of viral and host proteins that compose the virion and determined or inferred the localization of many of them. This information significantly increases our understanding of the biological and structural features of an infectious African swine fever virus particle and will help direct future research efforts.

scholarly journals Combined short and long-read sequencing reveals a complex transcriptomic architecture of African swine fever virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Torma ◽  
Dóra Tombácz ◽  
Zsolt Csabai ◽  
Norbert Moldován ◽  
István Mészáros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Current View ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Long Read

ABSTRACTAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Despite its agricultural importance, little is known about the fundamental molecular mechanisms of this pathogen. Understanding of genetic regulation provides new insights into the virus pathogenicity, which can help prevent epidemics. Short-read sequencing (SRS) is able to produce a huge amount of high-precision sequencing reads for transcriptomic profiling, but it is inefficient for the comprehensive annotation of transcriptomes. Long-read sequencing (LRS) is able to overcome some of the limitations of SRS, but they also have drawbacks, such as low-coverage and high error rate. The limitations of the two approaches can be surmounted by the combined use of these techniques. In this study, we used Illumina SRS and Oxford Nanopore Technologies LRS platforms with multiple library preparation methods (amplified and direct cDNA sequencings and native RNA sequencing) for constructing the transcriptomic atlas of ASFV. This work identified a large number of novel genes, transcripts and RNA isoforms, and annotated the precise termini of previously described RNA molecules. In contrast to the current view that the ASFV transcripts are monocistronic, we detected a significant extent of polycistronism. A multifaceted meshwork of transcriptional overlaps is also discovered.

scholarly journals Autophagy impairment by African swine fever virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth L. Shimmon ◽  
Joshua Y. K. Hui ◽  
Thomas E. Wileman ◽  
Christopher L. Netherton
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Functional Step ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Domestic Swine

African swine fever is a devastating disease of domestic swine and wild boar caused by a large double-stranded DNA virus that encodes for more than 150 open reading frames. There is no licensed vaccine for the disease and the most promising current candidates are modified live viruses that have been attenuated by deletion of virulence factors. Like many viruses African swine fever virus significantly alters the host cell machinery to benefit its replication and viral genes that modify host pathways represent promising targets for development of gene deleted vaccines. Autophagy is an important cellular pathway that is involved in cellular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immunity and therefore is manipulated by a number of different viruses. Autophagy is regulated by a complex protein cascade and here we show that African swine fever virus can block formation of autophagosomes, a critical functional step of the autophagy pathway through at least two different mechanisms. Interestingly this does not require the A179L gene that has been shown to interact with Beclin-1, an important autophagy regulator.

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