scholarly journals Eye Movement Dynamics Differ between Encoding and Recognition of Faces

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Arizpe ◽  
Danielle L. Noles ◽  
Jack W. Tsao ◽  
Annie W.-Y. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Optimal Encoding ◽  
Feature Information

Facial recognition is widely thought to involve a holistic perceptual process, and optimal recognition performance can be rapidly achieved within two fixations. However, is facial identity encoding likewise holistic and rapid, and how do gaze dynamics during encoding relate to recognition? While having eye movements tracked, participants completed an encoding (“study”) phase and subsequent recognition (“test”) phase, each divided into blocks of one- or five-second stimulus presentation time conditions to distinguish the influences of experimental phase (encoding/recognition) and stimulus presentation time (short/long). Within the first two fixations, several differences between encoding and recognition were evident in the temporal and spatial dynamics of the eye-movements. Most importantly, in behavior, the long study phase presentation time alone caused improved recognition performance (i.e., longer time at recognition did not improve performance), revealing that encoding is not as rapid as recognition, since longer sequences of eye-movements are functionally required to achieve optimal encoding than to achieve optimal recognition. Together, these results are inconsistent with a scan path replay hypothesis. Rather, feature information seems to have been gradually integrated over many fixations during encoding, enabling recognition that could subsequently occur rapidly and holistically within a small number of fixations.

scholarly journals (Eye-) Tracking the Other-Race Effect: Comparison of Eye Movements During Encoding and Recognition of Ingroup Faces With Proximal and Distant Outgroup Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-395
Author(s):  
Marleen Stelter ◽  
Marc Rommel ◽  
Juliane Degner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Movement Activity ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal and distal ethnic outgroup faces. Recognition was best for ingroup faces and decreased gradually for proximal and distal outgroup faces. Participants attended more to the eyes of ingroup faces than outgroup faces, but this effect was unrelated to recognition performance. Ingroup-outgroup differences in eye-movement activity level did not emerge during the study phase, but during the recognition phase, with ingroup-outgroup differences varying as a function of recognition accuracy and old/new effects. Overall, ingroup-outgroup effects on recognition performance and eye movements were more pronounced for recognition of new items, emphasizing the role of retrieval processes.

When Feature Information Comes First! Early Processing of Inverted Faces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5192 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1117-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus-Christian Carbon ◽  
Helmut Leder
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Short Presentation Time ◽  
Short Presentation

We investigated the early stages of face recognition and the role of featural and holistic face information. We exploited the fact that, on inversion, the alienating disorientation of the eyes and mouth in thatcherised faces is hardly detectable. This effect allows featural and holistic information to be dissociated and was used to test specific face-processing hypotheses. In inverted thatcherised faces, the cardinal features are already correctly oriented, whereas in undistorted faces, the whole Gestalt is coherent but all information is disoriented. Experiment 1 and experiment 3 revealed that, for inverted faces, featural information processing precedes holistic information. Moreover, the processing of contextual information is necessary to process local featural information within a short presentation time (26 ms). Furthermore, for upright faces, holistic information seems to be available faster than for inverted faces (experiment 2). These differences in processing inverted and upright faces presumably cause the differential importance of featural and holistic information for inverted and upright faces.

Eye Movements and Mirror Neurons

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Iurato
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Universal Algebra ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Phenomenological Theory ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Movement Dynamics

Denotational mathematics, in the context of universal algebra, may provide algebraic structures that are able to formalize human eye movement dynamics with respect to Husserlian phenomenological theory, from which it is then possible to make briefly reference to some further relations with mirror neuron system and related topics. In this way, the authors have provided a first instance of fruitful application of socio-humanities (to be precise, philosophy and sociology) in exact/natural science used in formalizing processes.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Dynamics of Good and Poor Readers: Then and Now

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester A. Lefton ◽  
Richard J. Nagle ◽  
Gwendolyn Johnson ◽  
Dennis F. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
One Year ◽  
Good And Poor Readers

While reading text, the eye movements of good and poor reading fifth graders, third graders and adults were assessed. Subjects were tested in two sessions one year apart. Dependent variables included the duration and frequency of forward going fixations and regressions; an analysis of individual differences was also made. Results showed that poor reading fifth graders have relatively unsystematic eye movement behavior with many more fixations of longer duration than other fifth graders and adults. The eye movements of poor readers are quantitatively and qualitatively different than those of normal readers.

Object-Selective Cortex Exhibits Performance-Independent Repetition Suppression

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 995-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Sayres ◽  
Kalanit Grill-Spector
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Time Required

Object-selective cortical regions exhibit a decreased response when an object stimulus is repeated [repetition suppression (RS)]. RS is often associated with priming: reduced response times and increased accuracy for repeated stimuli. It is unknown whether RS reflects stimulus-specific repetition, the associated changes in response time, or the combination of the two. To address this question, we performed a rapid event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study in which we measured BOLD signal in object-selective cortex, as well as object recognition performance, while we manipulated stimulus repetition. Our design allowed us to examine separately the roles of response time and repetition in explaining RS. We found that repetition played a robust role in explaining RS: repeated trials produced weaker BOLD responses than nonrepeated trials, even when comparing trials with matched response times. In contrast, response time played a weak role in explaining RS when repetition was controlled for: it explained BOLD responses only for one region of interest (ROI) and one experimental condition. Thus repetition suppression seems to be mostly driven by repetition rather than performance changes. We further examined whether RS reflects processes occurring at the same time as recognition or after recognition by manipulating stimulus presentation duration. In one experiment, durations were longer than required for recognition (2 s), whereas in a second experiment, durations were close to the minimum time required for recognition (85–101 ms). We found significant RS for brief presentations (albeit with a reduced magnitude), which again persisted when controlling for performance. This suggests a substantial amount of RS occurs during recognition.

Distortion, Fill and Noise Effects on Pattern Discrimination

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Raymond B. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Pattern Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Noise Effects ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Method Of Constant Stimuli

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of distortion, fill and noise effects on pattern discrimination. Patterns were generated from a 10 × 10 matrix on a random basis and were comprised of black filled squares. There were four levels of pattern fill or complexity. Distortion was the random displacement of basic pattern elements while noise was the filling in of additionally selected (on a random basis) pattern elements. One hundred and forty-four male and female undergraduates served as the subjects. Patterns were projected automatically with a stimulus presentation time of 3.0-sec. and a constant intertrial interval of 5.0-sec. The method of constant stimuli was employed. The results indicated that the discrimination of patterns, as generated in this study, were significantly effected by fill, noise, and distortion at the 0.01 level. Interaction effects were significant also at the same level. Response times were also significantly affected as a function of fill and noise.

scholarly journals How Mood States Affect Information Processing During Facial Emotion Recognition: An Eye Tracking Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra C. Schmid ◽  
Marianne Schmid Mast ◽  
Dario Bombari ◽  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Janek S. Lobmaier
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Happy Mood ◽  
Sad Mood

Existing research shows that a sad mood hinders emotion recognition. More generally, it has been shown that mood affects information processing. A happy mood facilitates global processing and a sad mood boosts local processing. Global processing has been described as the Gestalt-like integration of details; local processing is understood as the detailed processing of the parts. The present study investigated how mood affects the use of information processing styles in an emotion recognition task. Thirty-three participants were primed with happy or sad moods in a within-subjects design. They performed an emotion recognition task during which eye movements were registered. Eye movements served to provide information about participants’ global or local information processing style. Our results suggest that when participants were in a happy mood, they processed information more globally compared to when they were in a sad mood. However, global processing was only positively and local processing only negatively related to emotion recognition when participants were in a sad mood. When they were in a happy mood, processing style was not related to emotion recognition performance. Our findings clarify the mechanism that underlies accurate emotion recognition, which is important when one is aiming to improve this ability (i.e., via training).

A Picture Identification Task as an Estimate of the Word-Recognition Performance of Nonverbal Adults

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
June K. Antablin
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Picture Identification

The Picture Identification Task was developed to estimate the word-recognition performance of nonverbal adults. Four lists of 50 monosyllabic words each were assembled and recorded. Each test word and three rhyming alternatives were illustrated and photographed in a quadrant arrangement. The task of the patient was to point to the picture representing the recorded word that was presented through the earphone. In the first experiment with young adults, no significant differences were found between the Picture Identification Task and the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 materials in an open-set response paradigm. In the second experiment, the Picture Identification Task with the picture-pointing response was compared with the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 in both an open-set and a closed-set response paradigm. The results from this experiment demonstrated significant differences among the three response tasks. The easiest task was a closed-set response to words, the next was a closed-set response to pictures, and the most difficult task was an open-set response. At high stimulus-presentation levels, however, the three tasks produced similar results. Finally, the clinical use of the Picture Identification Task is described along with preliminary results obtained from 30 patients with various communicative impairments.

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