scholarly journals The Production and Marketing of Mineral Water in 21st Century Spain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2311
Author(s):  
Ramón García-Marín ◽  
Javier Lozano-Parra ◽  
Cayetano Espejo-Marín ◽  
Ana Aparicio-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Bottled Mineral Water ◽  
Business Structure

Since the end of the last century, Spain has become a country of reference in the European Union due to its volume of bottled mineral water. This study aims to analyze the evolution of the key aspects of this sector over the last two decades. Through this research, it has been verified that (i) Spanish mineral water has been analyzed for a long time from a medicinal and geochemical point of view, and not so much in commercial analysis; (ii) water has great diversity due to the abundance of hydrogeological domains that this country offers; (iii) a very strict legal framework must be complied for its commercialization; (iv) its consumption has been growing; and (v) the business structure is characterized by the predominance of a small group of companies, with a very important role in multinational corporations. Three nature reserves: Montseny, Sierra Nevada, and Guadarrama Mountains, stand out from the rest of the Spanish territory in terms of catchment and packaging of natural mineral water, which is an increasingly strategic resource.

scholarly journals The Once-Only Principle: A Matter of Trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Robert Krimmer ◽  
Andriana Prentza ◽  
Szymon Mamrot ◽  
Carsten Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe Single Market is one of the cornerstones of the European Union. The idea to transform it into a Digital Single Market (DSM) was outlined several years ago. The EU has started different initiatives to support this transformation process. One of them is the program Horizon 2020 to support the process from a technical point of view. In parallel to this, initiatives were started to set up a sound legal framework for the DSM. The Single Digital Gateway Regulation (SDGR) is an outcome of these initiatives. The key aspect of the SDGR is the underlying Once-Only Principle (OOP), outlining that businesses and citizens in contact with public administrations have to provide data only once. “The Once-Only Principle Project (TOOP)” is the EU-funded project initiated for research, testing, and implementation of the OOP in Europe. The authors give an overview of the research questions of the different parts of TOOP. Besides that, they introduce the other chapters of this book and what the reader can expect as the content of them.

Joint Exercise of Sovereign Powers of the Member States of the European Union. The French Approach to Legal Understanding of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-108
Author(s):  
P.-Y. Monjal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Legal Understanding

Introduction. This article analyses the legal nature of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the Union). The research presented in this article is based on two closely related theses. On the one hand, the Union is a legally qualifying entity, and on the other hand,the Unionists for a long time exercising legal (judicial) activism because they have been trying to form their own entity. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal identification of the Union and the semantic and conceptual category of ‘joint exercise of powers’. Taking into account the data from the analysis of doctrinal sources, Union law, applying the methodological tools of functionalism as a sociological and anthropological theory, which offers an explanation of the functioning of society based on elements that ensure stability, the author concludes that the stability manifest¬ed in the independence of the Union leads to the opposite effect – a break with the democratic foundations of states that united in the Union, yielding part of their sovereignty. Results. The author of the article concludes that the peculiarity of the Union lies in the particular way in which it exercises the state powers delegated to it. What distinguishes it from other categories of international governmental organisations is not so much the accumulation of powers, their scope and multipolarity, but rather how they are exercised. In this context, Member States are faced not so much with the deprivation of national powers as with a new manifestation of shared sovereignty embodied in the concept of shared exercise of powers. Discussion and Conclusion. From a legal point of view, the Union is a unique, distinctive legal and political entity. The Member States rejected the federal (state-legal) form of the Union. It cannot be reduced to an international intergovernmental organisation, although it borrows much from this legal category. The Union has many specific features in economic, political and legal terms that characterise it as a special subject of public international law. The concept of the Union reflects the legal traditions of the Member States. The author summarises in the article that French legal doctrine has been able to offer a theoretical vision of the Union in terms of the particularities of its political-legal culture. The author therefore believes that the joint exercise of powers is a tool that reveals the essence of the Union. This makes it difficult for France, which has a very developed concept of national sovereignty, to legal understanding of nature of the Union.

Safe Country Provisions in Canada and in the European Union: A Critical Assessment

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazaré Albuquerque Abell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Legal Constraints

This article analyzes the international legal framework that surrounds the issue of safe third country (STC) in the European Union and in Canada. The argument put forward is that Canada is not immune to the developments in the European Union and that Canada's immigration policies towards refugees have changed accordingly. My position is that the Canadian model respects the legal constraints which govern the acceptability of mechanisms to apportion responsibility to examine a claim to refugee status, in particular the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. By testing the international legal viability of both the European and the Canadian system of safe third country against Articles 31 and 33 of the Geneva Convention and Executive Committee Conclusion No. 58 and Conclusion No. 15, and by addressing the draft Memorandum of Understanding between Canada and the United States and comparing it with some of the readmission agreements between the European Union and some third states, the article concludes that the Canadian STC model is preferable to that in Europe from both a legal and a humane point of view.

scholarly journals Legal Migration in the Relationship between the European Union and ACP Countries: The Absence of a True Global Approach Continues

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purdey Devisscher
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFor a long time, the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) was characterized by the focus on trade issues. In recent years however, other policy aspects have emerged, amongst which migration. This evolution results from the gradual recognition of the importance of migration in the Union’s external relations. The mainstreaming of migration in the relations with third countries raised the need for a Global Approach to Migration (2005) connecting illegal and legal migration, as well as introducing a positive migration-development nexus. The acknowledgement of a possible positive contribution of legal migration ‐ if well managed ‐ for developing countries, has resulted into new concrete initiatives such as circular migration, mobility partnerships and the Blue Card Directive. A closer look at the policy frameworks, as well as specific measures demonstrate however, that a true comprehensive approach is a long way from home. It is examined if the specific EU-ACP relationship offers a different point of view and effectively makes migration work for the development of both parties. More specifically, do the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) correspond to the abovementioned goal? A comprehensive and coherent legal framework that unites the interests of the Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and those of the developing countries, on the other hand, seems a distant perspective. It is concluded that ambitious policy objectives have been set and are waiting to be addressed by corresponding policy frameworks and legal commitments.

scholarly journals Framework for the Introduction of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology into the Polish Electricity Market

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3673
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zagrajek ◽  
Józef Paska ◽  
Łukasz Sosnowski ◽  
Konrad Gobosz ◽  
Konrad Wróblewski
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
End User ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Law

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is one of the advanced solutions that uses electric vehicles (EV) to balance electricity demand in the power system. It can be particularly useful in analyzing and then mitigating the risk of not delivering electricity to the end user. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of operation of this technology in the legal framework. The article presents the analysis of the legal status in Poland, referring to the documents of the European Union and domestic legislation. Potential changes in Polish energy law that could facilitate the implementation of V2G technology are also proposed. In addition, the authors suggested the principles for the use of this technology, formulating a mechanism called the V2G Program. Within this Program, the V2G Service was defined and a business model of its implementation by a participant of the V2G Program (uEV) was presented. In addition, an uEV selection algorithm is provided so that the mathematical model of the V2G Service can be validated. Based on the performed simulations, it can be concluded that the implementation of the V2G Program requires significant changes in the Polish energy law, but it is feasible from the technical point of view.

scholarly journals Leading agritourism facilities along Nearly Zero Energy paths: proposal of an easy-to-use evaluation method

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Laura Cirrincione ◽  
Giorgia Peri ◽  
Gianfranco Rizzo ◽  
Gianluca Scaccianoce
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Networks ◽  
Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Eu

The tourist sector, despite the present severe constraints imposed by the sanitary emergence, can be considered as an important component of almost all countries’ economies. In Italy agriturism, in particular, has been experiences a continuously rising trend in recent years. Clearly, such great interest towards these businesses also calls for a deep attention by an energy point of view, in sight of an energy efficiency improvement, hence a lowering of the pressure that such facilities exert to the natural environment. On the other hand, the European Union has been engaged, for a long time, in awarding the tourist accommodations environmental excellence brands, like the EU Ecolabel. Unfortunately, the achievement of such excellence brands requires the capability of managing complex energy and environmental data, which is often not the prerogative of people running such facilities. In order of contributing to overcome this difficulty, and with the aim of helping the addressing of agritourism towards a Nearly Zero Energy path, we propose here a simple approach that does not require the modelling and simulation of the energy behaviour of an agritourism, being essentially based on the application of easy-to-use ARERA (Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy Networks and Environment) datasheets scheme. On purpose, an application of the method, involving two typical Sicilian agritourism, is presented. The obtained results showed the viability of the proposed methodology, although the need of an update and/or replacement of some technical datasheets arose.

scholarly journals European Union and Central Asia: new trends of cooperation in current circumstances

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Assima AUBAKIR ◽  
Tuleutay SULEIMENOV
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Asian Countries

Determination of clear contours of European policy for Central Asia, which could satisfy the interests of both the European Union and the countries of the region, took quite a long time, and is still at the stage of forming common approaches to the implementation of mutually beneficial cooperation. The first program documents of the European Union in relation to Central Asia, called strategies, were to a greater extent only action plans aimed at maintaining its political and economic presence in the region. Meanwhile, the Central Asian countries are always interested in pragmatic interaction with the European Union on equal basis. In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia, which replaced the previous 2007 document. According to European politicians, it marks a new stage in relations between the two regions with improved approaches to building interaction between them. The purpose of the article is to analyze new trends in relations between Central Asia and the European Union from the point of view of both participants of this process and the evolution of the relevant EU policy documents.

Bulgarien und Rumänien in der Europäischen Union – forstpolitische Herausforderungen | Bulgaria and Romania in the European Union – challenges for forest policy

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Hristova Angelova ◽  
Doru Leonard Irimie ◽  
Metodi Sotirov ◽  
Georg Winkel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Competing Priorities ◽  
The Eu

Romania's and Bulgaria's accession to the European Union (EU) increased the forested area of the Community considerably and lead to significant changes within the forest sectors of these states, which had been shaped by centrally planned economy for a long time. Entering the European economic area and complying with its legal framework triggered a dynamic development, which was characterized by the competing priorities of domestic forest policy and the requests formulated by the EU. This article is going to discuss the immanent processes of these developments based on the results of three dissertations on this topic carried out at the Institute of Forest and Environmental Policy, University of Freiburg (Germany) during the recent years. The research focuses on the institutional changes in Romania and Bulgaria paying special attention to the restitution of property to private owners. Besides formal institutions, also informal aspects such as conflicting beliefs and interests of different forest policy stakeholders are considered. It can be shown that, despite the considerable development the forest sectors of both countries went through, still major challenges remain to be dealt with until they are fully integrated into the European economic and political area.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION FRAMEWORK – WILL THE PANDEMIC BRING NEW CHANGES?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Marta Mackeviča ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Personal Data Protection

The General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter – the Regulation), which entered into force on 25 May 2018 and introduced a new legal framework for the protection of personal data in the European Union, also included a number of new rights, more precise definitions and improvements in the field of personal data protection. The three‐year period has shown that the Regulation has successfully replaced Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement ofsuch data, but the Covid‐19 pandemic posed the question: does the Regulation sufficiently define and explain how controllers should deal with the processing of sensitive data, or in situations where employees of companies and institutions work remotely? Data protection is a complex concept that can be analyzed from both a legal and a social point of view. Traditionally, data protection has been referred to as the protection of personal privacy in the context of processes involving the use of personal data. Prior to the implementation of the Regulation, the existing rules on the protection of personal data in the European Union were not sufficiently uniform and were implemented differently in each Member State. It contributed to the development and implementation of the Regulation, in the hope that it would modernize and promote a common data protection regime, while maintaining all the basic principles of data protection that have been followed so far. Prior to the pandemic, the Regulation successfully achieved its original objectives, but hasthe pandemic necessitated a revision of the Regulation? This article will analyze the development of the legal framework for the protection of personal data and analyze the compliance of the Regulation with the requirements arising from the effects of the pandemic.

scholarly journals RESPONSIBILITY AS A PRIORITY TOOL FOR COMBATING SMUGGLING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Kadala ◽  
◽  
Olena Guzenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Administrative Jurisdiction ◽  
Key Aspects

The article outlines the existing types of liability for smuggling, describes the current state of damage caused by their presence in modern society. Reveals the author's assessment and position on the need to clarify the content of certain categories of the conceptual apparatus, which is devoted to the degree of responsibility for offenses that have the features of smuggling. The research contains the author's proposal to introduce into the Criminal Code of Ukraine the conceptual categories of «criminal liability for smuggling», includes a justification for this action. Attention is paid to the existing legislative initiatives on combating smuggling and corruption during customs clearance of goods, their content is revealed. The author's vision of improving the situation with the reduction of smuggling crimes on the basis of the proposed proposals is presented. The chosen direction of the research is relevant as it is aimed not only at outlining the key aspects of criminal liability for smuggling, but above all at developing certain measures to improve the situation at customs. From a scientific point of view, the study needs modernization in terms of clarifying the content of certain categories of the conceptual apparatus of the subject of study. The conclusions of the study are as follows. First, there is a fairly modernized legal framework in Ukraine, which discloses the degree of responsibility of persons who have committed a criminal or administrative offense related to smuggling. Secondly, the legislator clearly distinguished between the measures of criminal and administrative liability of persons who participated in smuggling operations, and it is important that the legislator defined the boundaries of the transition from administrative to criminal liability. Thirdly, the research indicated the expediency of clarifying the content of certain categories of the conceptual apparatus of the subject of study, namely the concepts of «criminal liability for smuggling» (a type of legal liability that gives rise to criminal relations between special authorities and persons who violated customs rules that have signs of smuggling in particularly large amounts, which is individualized in the conviction of the court) and «administrative liability for smuggling» (a type of legal liability that arises during administrative relations between legal entities in the field of violation of customs rules, which have signs of smuggling and are subject to administrative penalties by administrative jurisdiction). Fourth, the authors propose to include in the measures to reduce the level of smuggling: increase the material security of border guards and customs officers, equip «problem» areas of the border with a system of covert round-the-clock surveillance, observation and professionally trained staff, etc.

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