scholarly journals A Statistical Vertically Mixed Runoff Model for Regions Featured by Complex Runoff Generation Process

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2324
Author(s):  
Peng Lin ◽  
Pengfei Shi ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Chong-Yu Xu ◽  
Zhenya Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Runoff Model

Hydrological models for regions characterized by complex runoff generation process been suffer from a great weakness. A delicate hydrological balance triggered by prolonged wet or dry underlying condition and variable extreme rainfall makes the rainfall-runoff process difficult to simulate with traditional models. To this end, this study develops a novel vertically mixed model for complex runoff estimation that considers both the runoff generation in excess of infiltration at soil surface and that on excess of storage capacity at subsurface. Different from traditional models, the model is first coupled through a statistical approach proposed in this study, which considers the spatial heterogeneity of water transport and runoff generation. The model has the advantage of distributed model to describe spatial heterogeneity and the merits of lumped conceptual model to conveniently and accurately forecast flood. The model is tested through comparison with other four models in three catchments in China. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the ratio of qualified results increase obviously. Results show that the model performs well in simulating various floods, providing a beneficial means to simulate floods in regions with complex runoff generation process.

scholarly journals PERSiST: the precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff simulator for solute transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 8635-8681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Futter ◽  
M. A. Erlandsson ◽  
D. Butterfield ◽  
P. G. Whitehead ◽  
S. K. Oni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Thames River ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. While runoff is often a first-order control on water quality, runoff generation processes and pathways can vary widely between catchments. Credible simulations of solute and pollutant transport in surface waters are dependent on models which facilitate appropriate representations of perceptual models of the runoff generation process. With a few exceptions, models used in solute transport simulations enforce a single, potentially inappropriate representation of the runoff generation process. Here, we present a flexible, semi-distributed landscape scale rainfall-runoff model suitable for simulating a broad range of user-specified perceptual models of runoff generation and stream flow occurring in different climatic regions and landscape types. PERSiST, the Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff Simulator for Solute Transport; is designed for simulating present day conditions and projecting possible future effects of climate or land use change on runoff, catchment water storage and solute transport. PERSiST has limited data requirements and is calibrated using observed time series of precipitation, air temperature and runoff at one or more points in a river network. Here, we present a first application of the model to the Thames River in the UK and describe a Monte Carlo tool for parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis.

Macropore domination in runoff generation process: A case study by hydrological modelling in Hilly Watersheds of Koshi River Basin, Himalaya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Kumar Padhee ◽  
Subashisa Dutta
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
Koshi River Basin ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

<p>A recent initiative by the hydrologic community identified processes that control hillslope-riparian-stream-groundwater interactions as one of the major unsolved scientific problems in Hydrology. It is a long-time argument among hydrologists whether to eliminate the minor details from field-based costing a lot of time, effort, and resources to understand the hydrological process in watershed scale. The modelling approaches are helpful is these cases by focusing on the dominant controllers and might/might'nt bypassing the implications from minor details. In this work, a conceptual semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model for hilly watersheds is used with satellite-based hydrometeorological inputs to parameterize, and thus understand by calibration and validation, at Koshi River Basin, a partly hilly watershed in Himalaya. The semi-distributed model is operated by dividing the river basin into small grids of around 1km<sup>2</sup>, each representing a micro-watershed. Majority of the model concept is drawn from fill and spill approach from previous literature, observations from plot-scale hillslope experiments, and macropore characterization from dye-tracer experiments, which are upscaled at micro-watershed scale. The parameterization in the rainfall-runoff model includes the daily average variables namely, threshold for runoff generation (<em>T</em>), gradient of runoff generation rate (<em>S</em>), saturated hydraulic conductivity for hillslope aquifers (<em>Ksat</em>), and aquifer thickness limit (<em>D</em>). Variable ranges of these parameters were simulated to find the best values (<em>T</em> = 1±0.25cm; <em>S</em> = 0.6 – 0.1; <em>Ksat</em> ≈ 10<sup>5</sup> – 10<sup>10</sup> times original Ksat; and <em>D </em>= 1m). These ranges resulted in over (NSE = 0.6; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.65) during calibration and validation for daily flow volume at the outlet. In these simulations, the <em>Ksat </em>multiplied with factors at several orders higher scale and producing good NSE values shows domination of preferential pathways in runoff generation process. This might represent a flow similar to that of overland flow affecting the surface runoff volume at river basin scale. This model could be used for water budgeting studies in hilly watersheds where several hillslopes dominated by macropores are present.</p>

scholarly journals Technical Note: Updating procedure for flood forecasting with conceptual HBV-type models

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. Wöhling ◽  
F. Lennartz ◽  
M. Zappa
Keyword(s):  
Flood Forecasting ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mountainous Catchments ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Updating Procedure ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Hbv Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. Flood forecasting is of increasing importance as it comes to an increasing variability in global and local climates. But rainfall-runoff models are far from being perfect. In order to achieve a better prediction for emerging flood events, the model outputs have to be continuously updated. This contribution introduces a rather simple, yet effective updating procedure for the conceptual semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model PREVAH, whose runoff generation module relies on similar algorithms as the HBV-Model. The current conditions of the system, i.e. the contents of the upper soil reservoirs, are updated by the proposed method. The testing of the updating procedure on data from two mountainous catchments in Switzerland reveals a significant increase in prediction accuracy with regards to peak flow.

scholarly journals A comparison between natural forests and reforested lands in terms of runoff generation potential and hydrologic response (case study: Kasilian Watershed)

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Gholzom ◽  
V. Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Afforested lands are different from natural forests in terms of hydrologic conditions, runoff generation potential, and sediment generation rate. These differences emerge due to changes in soil structure and vegetation density, litter amount, trees heights, and so on. In this study, a comparison has been made between natural forests and afforested lands in Kasilian – a watershed located in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. To achieve this purpose, harmonious units have been defined by overlay analysis of these layers in GIS environment: slope, aspect, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and soil. Then, the location of couple plots was defined by field studies in the harmonious units. The plot locations were selected in a way that runoff generation was a function of tree species and tree conditions, assuming that rainfall intensity is equal in all areas. Initial loss and runoff volume were measured in even plots after rainfall. Then, the initial loss parameter in a rainfall-runoff model was applied to compare runoff volume and peak discharge in the afforested lands and natural forests. The rainfall-runoff model was presented using GIS and HEC-HMS model. The results showed that reforested lands have lower infiltration, lower initial loss, and higher runoff due to lower density, canopy, litter, and soil compaction. Furthermore, the runoff generation potential of reforested lands is several times higher than that of natural forests.

scholarly journals Modelling subsurface storm flow with the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach: application to the Alzette River Basin

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Zhang ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije ◽  
F. Fenicia ◽  
L. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Model Code ◽  
Main River ◽  
Storm Flow ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Table Data ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. A new domain, the macropore domain describing subsurface storm flow, has been introduced to the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach. The mass balance equations have been reformulated and the closure relations associated with subsurface storm flow have been developed. The model code, REWASH, has been revised accordingly. With the revised REWASH, a rainfall-runoff model has been built for the Hesperange catchment, a sub-catchment of the Alzette River Basin. This meso-scale catchment is characterised by fast catchment response to precipitation, and subsurface storm flow is one of the dominant runoff generation processes. The model has been evaluated by a multi-criteria approach using both discharge and groundwater table data measured at various locations in the study site. It is demonstrated that subsurface storm flow contributes considerably to stream flow in the study area. Simulation results show that discharges measured along the main river course are well simulated and groundwater dynamics is well captured, suggesting that the model is a useful tool for catchment-scale hydrological analysis.

scholarly journals An investigation of site-similarity approaches to generalisation of a rainfall–runoff model

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 500-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Kay ◽  
D. A. Jones ◽  
S. M. Crooks ◽  
T. R. Kjeldsen ◽  
C. F. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Ungauged Sites ◽  
Calibration Uncertainty ◽  
Property Space ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. This paper investigates a new approach to spatial generalisation of rainfall–runoff model parameters – site-similarity with pooling groups – for use in flood frequency estimation at ungauged sites using continuous simulation. The method is developed for the generalisation of a simple conceptual model, the Probability Distributed Model, with four parameters which require specific estimation. The study is based on a relatively large sample of catchments in Great Britain. Various options are investigated within the approach. In the final version, the pooling group comprises the 10 calibrated catchments closest, in catchment property space, to the target site, where the catchment properties used to define the space differ for each parameter of the model. An analysis that, explicitly, takes account of calibration uncertainty as a source of error enables the uncertainty associated with generalised parameter values to be reduced, justifiably. The approach uses calibration uncertainty estimated through jack-knifing and employs a weighting scheme within pooling groups that uses weights which vary both with distance in the catchment property space and with the calibration uncertainty. Models using generalised values from this approach perform relatively well compared with direct calibration. Although performance appears to be better in some areas of the country than others, there are no obvious relationships between catchment properties and performance.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Hydrological Response to Rainfall at Multi Spatio-Temporal Scales in Savannas of Semi-Arid Australia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Jarihani ◽  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Rebecca Bartley ◽  
Christian H. Roth ◽  
Scott Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture

Rainfall is the main driver of hydrological processes in dryland environments and characterising the rainfall variability and processes of runoff generation are critical for understanding ecosystem function of catchments. Using remote sensing and in situ data sets, we assess the spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall, rainfall-runoff response, and effects of antecedent soil moisture and ground cover at different spatial scales on runoff coefficients in the Upper Burdekin catchment, northeast Australia, which is a major contributor of sediment and nutrients to the Great Barrier Reef. The high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall exerts significant controls on runoff generation processes. Rainfall amount and intensity are the primary runoff controls, and runoff coefficients for wet antecedent conditions were higher than for dry conditions. The majority of runoff occurred via surface runoff generation mechanisms, with subsurface runoff likely contributing little runoff due to the intense nature of rainfall events. At annual to seasonal temporal scales and for relatively large catchments, we could not detect a significant effect of ground cover on runoff. We conclude that in the range of moderate to large catchments (193 – 36,260 km2) runoff generation processes are sensitive to both antecedent soil moisture and ground cover. A higher runoff-ground cover correlation in drier months with sparse ground cover highlighted the critical role of cover at the onset of the wet season and how runoff generation is more sensitive to cover in drier months than in wetter months. The monthly water balance analysis indicates that runoff generation in wetter months (January and February) is partially influenced by saturation overland flow, most likely confined to saturated soils in riparian corridors, swales, and areas of shallow soil. By March and continuing through October, the soil ‘bucket’ progressively empties by evapotranspiration, and Hortonian overland flow becomes the dominant, if not exclusive, flow generation process. The results of this study can be used to better understand the rainfall-runoff relationships in dryland environments and subsequent exposure of coral reef ecosystems in Australia and elsewhere to terrestrial runoff.

scholarly journals Identifying Climate and Human Impact Trends in Streamflow: A Case Study in Uruguay

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Navas ◽  
Jimena Alonso ◽  
Angela Gorgoglione ◽  
R. Willem Vervoort
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Effects Of Land Use ◽  
Runoff Model

Land use change is an important driver of trends in streamflow. However, the effects are often difficult to disentangle from climate effects. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that trends in streamflow can be identified by analysing residuals of rainfall-runoff simulations using a Generalized Additive Mixed Model. This assumes that the rainfall-runoff model removes the average climate forcing from streamflow. The case study involves the Santa Lucía river (Uruguay), the GR4J rainfall-runoff model, three nested catchments ranging from 690 to 4900 km 2 and 35 years of observations (1981–2016). Two exogenous variables were considered to influence the streamflow. Using satellite data, growth in forest cover was identified, while the growth in water licenses was obtained from the water authority. Depending on the catchment, effects of land use change differ, with the largest catchment most impacted by afforestation, while the middle size catchment was more influenced by the growth in water licenses.

scholarly journals The PDM rainfall-runoff model

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 483-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. The Probability Distributed Model, or PDM, has evolved as a toolkit of model functions that together constitute a lumped rainfall-runoff model capable of representing a variety of catchment-scale hydrological behaviours. Runoff production is represented as a saturation excess runoff process controlled by the absorption capacity (of the canopy, surface and soil) whose variability within the catchment is characterised by a probability density function of chosen form. Soil drainage to groundwater is controlled by the water content in excess of a tension threshold, optionally inhibited by the water content of the receiving groundwater store. Alternatively, a proportional split of runoff to fast (surface storage) and slow (groundwater) pathways can be invoked with no explicit soil drainage function. Recursive solutions to the Horton-Izzard equation are provided for routing flows through these pathways, conveniently considered to yield the surface runoff and baseflow components of the total flow. An alternative routing function employs a transfer function that is discretely-coincident to a cascade of two linear reservoirs in series. For real-time flow forecasting applications, the PDM is complemented by updating methods based on error prediction and state-correction approaches. The PDM has been widely applied throughout the world, both for operational and design purposes. This experience has allowed the PDM to evolve to its current form as a practical toolkit for rainfall-runoff modelling and forecasting.

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