scholarly journals Hydrochemical Zoning and Chemical Evolution of the Deep Upper Jurassic Thermal Groundwater Reservoir Using Water Chemical and Environmental Isotope Data

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Florian Heine ◽  
Kai Zosseder ◽  
Florian Einsiedl
Keyword(s):  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Molasse Basin ◽  
The South ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Environmental Isotope ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Thermal Groundwater ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

A comprehensive hydrogeological understanding of the deep Upper Jurassic carbonate aquifer, which represents an important geothermal reservoir in the South German Molasse Basin (SGMB), is crucial for improved and sustainable groundwater resource management. Water chemical data and environmental isotope analyses of D, 18O and 87Sr/86Sr were obtained from groundwater of 24 deep Upper Jurassic geothermal wells and coupled with a few analyses of noble gases (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar) and noble gas infiltration temperatures. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three major water types and allowed a hydrochemical zoning of the SGMB, while exploratory factor analyses identified the hydrogeological processes affecting the water chemical composition of the thermal water. Water types 1 and 2 are of Na-[Ca]-HCO3-Cl type, lowly mineralised and have been recharged under meteoric cold climate conditions. Both water types show 87Sr/86Sr signatures, stable water isotopes values and calculated apparent mean residence times, which suggest minor water-rock interaction within a hydraulically active flow system of the Northeastern and Southeastern Central Molasse Basin. This thermal groundwater have been most likely subglacially recharged in the south of the SGMB in close proximity to the Bavarian Alps with a delineated northwards flow direction. Highly mineralised groundwater of water type 3 (Na-Cl-HCO3 and Na-Cl) occurs in the Eastern Central Molasse Basin. In contrast to water types 1 and 2, this water type shows substantial water-rock interaction with terrestrial sediments and increasing 40Ar/36Ar ratios, which may also imply a hydraulic exchange with fossil formation waters of overlying Tertiary sediments.

scholarly journals Sources of Salinization of Groundwater in the Lower Yarmouk Gorge, East of the River Jordan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Peter Möller ◽  
Marco De Lucia ◽  
Eliahu Rosenthal ◽  
Nimrod Inbar ◽  
Elias Salameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Type ◽  
Basaltic Rock ◽  
Geochemical Evolution ◽  
Field Region ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Thermal Groundwater ◽  
Central Segment ◽  
Well Field ◽  
Total Salinity ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

In the Lower Yarmouk Gorge the chemical composition of regional, fresh to brackish, mostly thermal groundwater reveals a zonation in respect to salinization and geochemical evolution, which is seemingly controlled by the Lower Yarmouk fault (LYF) but does not strictly follow the morphological Yarmouk Gorge. South of LYF, the artesian Mukeihbeh well field region produces in its central segment groundwaters, an almost pure basaltic-rock type with a low contribution (<0.3 vol-%) of Tertiary brine, hosted in deep Cretaceous and Jurassic formations. Further distal, the contribution of limestone water increases, originating from the Ajloun Mountains in the South. North of the LYF, the Mezar wells, the springs of Hammat Gader and Ain Himma produce dominantly limestone water, which contains 0.14–3 vol-% of the Tertiary brine, and hence possesses variable salinity. The total dissolved equivalents, TDE, of solutes gained by water/rock interaction (WRI) and mixing with brine, TDEWRI+brine, amount to 10–70% of total salinity in the region comprising the Mukheibeh field, Ain Himma and Mezar 3 well; 55–70% in the springs of Hammat Gader; and 80–90% in wells Mezar 1 and 2. The type of salinization indicates that the Lower Yarmouk fault seemingly acts as the divide between the Ajloun and the Golan Heights-dominated groundwaters.

Origin and circulation of water types on the 26.00 sigma-t surface of the south-west Pacific

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Water Type ◽  
The South ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Water Types ◽  
South West ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Type 3

CSIRO hydrological data from the south-west Pacific (0-45�S., 140°E.-160� W.) during 1960-67 have been used to calculate annual means of salinity and oxygen, within 5� squares, on the 26.00 sigma-t surface. In addition, for some squares it was possible to calculate mean summer (December-February) and mean winter (July- September) values of salinity and oxygen. From the annual means the salinity-oxygen relations were used to characterize four water types. Water type 1 of tropical origin had a salinity of 35.03‰ and an oxygen content of 3.20 ml/l. Water type 2, also of tropical origin, had a salinity of 35.23‰ and an oxygen content of 2.30 ml/l. Water type 3 of subtropical origin had a salinity of 35 +66‰ and an oxygen content of 5.45 ml/l. Water type 4 of Subantarctic origin had a salinity of 34.80‰ and an oxygen content of 6.00 ml/l. The ultimate origins of water types 1 and 2 are thought to be at considerable distances from the south-west Pacific region. Water type 1 is suggested as a mixture of waters of the North Equatorial Pacific, to the west of about 160°W., and waters of type 3 originating in the south Tasman Sea and other regions of the south Pacific. Water type 2 forms at around 16O°W., by mixing of eastern tropical Pacific waters and water type 3. It is thought that water types 1 and 2 form at different times of the year depending upon the extent of meridional or zonal flow in the central Equatorial region. Water types 3 and 4, however, are formed by southward spreading and winter cooling at the surface of subtropical waters, and by northward spreading and summer warming at the surface of Subantarctic waters, respectively. These two water types are therefore of south-west Pacific origin. Generally in the Tasman Sea (south of 25�S.), the concentration of water type 1 is very low (less than 10%); of water type 2 only a little higher (20-30%), but that of water type 3 is high (around 60-75%). The concentration of water type 4 was much greater (40%) off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand, than off the east coast of Tasmania (15 %). Seasonal pulses in the concentrations of water types 1 and 2 along 170�E., between 0 and 15�S., are in phase with seasonal changes in the concentration of these two water types in the Tasman and Coral Seas, if these water types spread southward at about 10 cm/sec. Summer increases in the concentration of water type 3 in the Tasman Sea off New Caledonia have been explained by the northward spreading of the previous winter's accumulation of this water type in the central Tasman Sea.

Mylonites of the South Armorican Shear Zone: Insights for crustal-scale fluid flow and water–rock interaction processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 56-57 ◽  
pp. 86-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Tartèse ◽  
Philippe Boulvais ◽  
Marc Poujol ◽  
Thomas Chevalier ◽  
Jean-Louis Paquette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Shear Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

scholarly journals Origin of brackish groundwater in a sandstone aquifer on Bornholm, Denmark

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O. Jørgensen ◽  
J. Heinemeier
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Lower Cambrian ◽  
Crystalline Basement ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Sandstone Aquifer ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

A multi-isotope approach in combination with hydrochemical data and borehole logging is applied to identify the source of brackish groundwater in a borehole in the well field of Neksø Municipal Waterworks in Bornholm, Denmark. The aquifer lithology consists of fractured Lower Cambrian sandstones resting on Proterozoic crystalline basement. The water body in the studied borehole is significantly stratified with respect to the hydrochemical and isotopic signatures and reveal a Na–Ca–Cl–HCO3 water type and TDS values &gt;1,000 mg/L below a halocline at 40–55 m below measurement point (bmp). The occurrence of brackish groundwater is remarkable for this aquifer, which otherwise yields potable groundwater of good quality. The stable isotope (18O and 2H) compositions indicate a meteoric origin of the brackish groundwater, which rules out seawater intrusion into the aquifer. 14C activities show apparent 14C ages of the brackish groundwater in the range 2200–4300 yr (BP), whereas the freshwater samples above the halocline indicate modern age. Hydrochemical (Cl/Br and Sr) and isotopic studies (18O, 2H and 87Sr/86Sr) of the brackish groundwater point to a well-mixed and homogeneous water body reflecting long water–rock interaction and suggest a contribution of palaeowater from the fractured crystalline basement which has intruded into the Lower Cambrian sandstone aquifer.

Geochemical modeling of chromium oxidation and treatment of polluted waters by RO/NF membrane processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Fuoco ◽  
Alberto Figoli ◽  
Alessandra Criscuoli ◽  
Rosanna De Rosa ◽  
Bartolo Gabriele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Path ◽  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Serpentine Minerals ◽  
Path Modelling ◽  
Reaction Path Modelling ◽  
Polluted Waters ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

&lt;p&gt;Geogenic Cr(VI) contamination is a worldwide environmental issue which mainly occurs in areas where ophiolitic rocks crop out. In these areas Cr (VI) can reach high concentrations into groundwaters becoming highly dangerous for human health. Indeed Cr(VI) is recognized as highly toxic element with high mobility and bioavailability [1]. Due to these features, starting from July 2017, Italian government has lowered the Cr(VI) limit value for drinking water to 10 &amp;#181;g/L. To improve the living standards in contaminated areas, it is needed (i) to understand the release and fate of contaminant during the water-rock interaction and (ii) to develop efficient remediation systems for natural polluted waters. In this regard, a complementary study on genesis and treatment of a Cr-rich groundwater coming from Italian ophiolitic aquifers was conducted. Reaction path modelling is a proven geochemical tool to understand the release of Cr and its oxidation from Cr(III) to Cr(VI) during the water-rock interaction. The generally accepted hypothesis of scientific community is that geogenic Cr(III) oxidation&amp;#160; is driven by the reduction of trivalent and tetravalent manganese (Mn(III); Mn (IV)) [2] whereas in this work the role of trivalent Fe hosted in serpentine minerals was re-evaluated. Unlike Mn, Fe is the main oxidant present in suitable amount in these rocks. Literature data confirmed the presence of Fe(III) into serpentine minerals hence reaction path modelling was performed varying the Fe (III)/Fe(tot) ratio ranging&amp;#160; from 0.60 to 1.00. The theoretical paths, reproduce the analytical concentrations of relevant solutes, including Cr(VI), in the Mg-HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; water type hosted in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy [3]. With increasing of Fe(III)/Fe(tot) ratio in serpentine minerals, high Cr(VI) concentration hold into solution until high alkalinity values. In addition, the spring with the highest Cr(VI) content (75 &amp;#181;g/L) was treated to lower its concentration below the threshold values. &amp;#160;In this work membrane technologies were used as&amp;#160; innovative method considering their many benefits, like the improvement of product quality without using chemicals [4]. A laboratory-scale set-up was used to carry out both Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) experiments. The experiments were conducted on different commercial membranes: one NF membrane module named DK (polyamide) and two RO membrane modules named AD (polyamide) and CD (cellulose).Tests were performed varying the operating pressures, and high Cr(VI) rejections (around 95%) were reached for all tested membranes, leading to a water containing Cr(VI) in concentrations below the threshold limits. The high flux, obtained already at lower operating pressures (27 L/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;h-10bar), combined with high selectivity towards Cr(VI) makes NF a favorable remediation option. The results obtained in this work are in line with the few data available in the literature for natural contaminated waters and there are quite promising for future scientific developments and application.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1]Marinho B. A. et al., 2019. Environ Sci Pollut Res,&amp;#160;26(3), 2203-2227&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2]Oze C. et al., 2007. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 6544&amp;#8211;6549&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3]Apollaro C. et al., 2019. Sci. Total Environ. 660, 1459-1471&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[4]Figoli &amp;#160;A. &amp; Criscuoli &amp;#160;A., 2017. Springer (Singapore); ISBN:9789811056215&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Sources of Salinization of Groundwater in the Lower Yarmouk Gorge, East of the River Jordan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Möller ◽  
Marco De Lucia ◽  
Eliahu Rosenthal ◽  
Nimrod Inbar ◽  
Elias Salameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Basaltic Rock ◽  
Geochemical Evolution ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Thermal Groundwater ◽  
Central Segment ◽  
Well Field ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

In the Lower Yarmouk Gorge the chemical composition of regional, fresh to brackish, mostly thermal groundwater reveal a zonation in respect to salinization and geochemical evolution, which is seemingly controlled by the Lower Yarmouk fault (LYF) but does not strictly follow the morphological Yarmouk Gorge. South of LYF the artesian Mukeihbeh well field produces in its central segment groundwaters of almost pure basaltic-rock type with low contribution (&lt;0.3 vol-%) of Tertiary brine, hosted in deep Cretaceous and Jurassic formations. Further distal, the contribution of limestone water increases originating from the Ajloun Mts. North of the LYF, the Mezar wells, the springs of Hammat Gader and Ain Himma produce dominantly limestone water, which contains 0.14-3 vol-% of the Tertiary brine and possess hence variable salinity. The total dissolved equivalents of solutes gained by water/rock interaction (WRI) and mixing with brine, TDE(WRI+brine), amounts to 10-70 % in the region comprising the Mukheibeh field, Ain Himma and Mezar 3 well, to 55-70 % in the springs of Hammat Gader, and to 80-90 % in wells Mezar 1 and 2. The type of salinization indicates that the Lower Yarmouk fault seemingly acts as the divide between the Ajloun and the Golan Heigths dominated groundwater.

scholarly journals Geothermometry and Circulation Behavior of the Hot Springs in Yunlong County of Yunnan in Southwest China

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Xiaocui Wang ◽  
Xun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Southwest China ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Geothermal Reservoir ◽  
Spring Discharge ◽  
Geochemical Processes ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Thermal Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Circulation ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

Travertine and nontravertine thermal springs have been studied in Yunlong County in southwest China to determine the geothermal reservoir temperatures and to find the geochemical processes that affect the evolution of thermal groundwater constituents during subsurface circulation. Hydrochemical characteristics distinguish travertine from nontravertine types. Travertine springs show HCO3·Cl-Na and SO4·HCO3-Ca·Na type, and a nontravertine spring presents Cl·HCO3·SO4-Na type. Log(Q/K) versus T diagrams show that reservoir temperatures can be expressed as intervals based on the equilibrium mineral assemblages coexisting in equilibrium and multiminerals in equilibrium with the aid of the PHREEQC and WATCH programs. The spring water mixing ratio with shallow water is between 59% and 82% with steam loss ranging from 12.1% to 27.8%. The Dalang Spring mixes with the highest proportion of cold water (76% to 82%) among the four hot springs and has the highest geothermal reservoir temperature (132°C to 176.9°C). The water-rock interaction during recharge from precipitation demonstrates that the minerals halite, kaolinite, chalcedony, plagioclase, and CO2(g) play an important part in the evolution of the thermal groundwater. Four inverse modeling simulation paths between precipitation and spring discharge were established to calculate the mass flux of minerals by the PHREEQC program. Halite, kaolinite, chalcedony, plagioclase, and CO2(g) participate in dissolution reactions in the thermal groundwater circulation, while gypsum, calcite, dolomite, biotite, and fluorite keep the geochemical processes in equilibrium.

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