scholarly journals The Cost of Brine Dilution in the Desalination Plants of Alicante

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2386
Author(s):  
Rubén Navarro ◽  
Adoración Carratalá ◽  
José Luis Sánchez Lizaso
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
The Cost

To reduce the environmental impact of desalination plants, a good dilution of the brine is needed. Brine dilution may be carried out using diffusers, by mixing the concentrate with other effluents, or with seawater bypassing. Seawater bypassing increases the energy consumption of the plant but, thus far, this energy consumption has not been estimated. The environmental impact statement (EIS) of desalination plants in Alicante establishes a system of seawater bypassing for diluting brine and protecting the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. The aim of this paper is to quantify the energy consumption of brine dilution, which was necessary for meeting the environmental requirements from 2012 to 2018. During the research period, the plants’ operation was variable, as it depended on the supply needs. The results indicate that the energy consumption of the dilution systems fluctuated between 2,135,315 kWh in 2012 and 685,988 kWh in 2013, with an average consumption of 1,205,952 kWh for the selected period. The energy cost in 2012 was EUR 179,556, while that for 2013 was EUR 60,787, with an average annual cost of EUR 91,690. This interannual variability is due to the difference in the production values of the plants and in the dilution ratio, which oscillated between 2.5 and 7.5 seawater:brine. In addition, the dilution showed an additional cost of the energy consumed by the desalination plants of around 1.7% on average. However, it also allowed the fulfillment of the established requirements in the EIS and the protection of the Posidonia oceanica seagrass from the discharge of the desalination plants.

scholarly journals Sistema Open-Source de Monitoramento do Consumo de Energia Elétrica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Przysiada† ◽  
Diego Merks ◽  
Eduardo Silva ◽  
Alessandro Brawerman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
User Profile ◽  
End User ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Monitoring Devices ◽  
Generating System ◽  
Monthly Survey

The cost of electricity in Brazilian homes is increasingly high. This project consists of bringing a complete and easily accessible solution aiming to benefit the economy, in a much broader way, both for the end user and for the electricity generating system, which today has difficulty in meeting demand, as well as it provides a reduction in the environmental impact caused by the constant expansion of hydroelectric plants and other sources of energy. The use of this system, the Electricity Consumption Monitoring System, allows the user to have control of each equipment installed in the premises. The equipment in monitored by a device designed and built in this project. From these monitoring devices, which perform periodic measurements, it is possible to make a daily, weekly or monthly survey of the consumption of each equipment in the residence, sending alert messages, for excessive energy consumption, thus defining a user profile and even creating limitations for monthly spending. With this, the user will have the necessary resources to manage their energy consumption over the days, without having surprises at the end of the month.

scholarly journals Methods of habitat reports’ evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Harasymiuk ◽  
Elżbieta Hanna Szafranko ◽  
Jan Tyburski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Cost

AbstractA building investment, especially in nature valuable areas, is almost always inseparable with a bigger or smaller environmental interference. For a few years there are legal regulations created to protect these areas. One of them is the requirement to conduct a habitat evaluation and to prepare a habitat report if there is a indication of significant impact on the Natura 200 site. The quality of such a report is crucial for completion an investment in a chosen localisation as well as for shortening a preparation stage with respect to environmental requirements. A defective report can result in a agreement refusal of investment completion conditions of an investment by an authorised body, and can be a reason for protests of a community which is affected by the planned investment. A well-made report, on the other hand, results in a smooth acceptance of the project without the need for consultation of the investor with the proceeding body and saving the cost of correction of a defective documentation. An review of the literature done by the authors and the talks carried out with the staff making an assessment of reports of an impact on Natura 2000 sites showed the lack of common use in practise of a formalised set of criteria of evaluation of such documents. The aim of the study was to prepare a set of evaluation criteria for reports on environmental impact on Natura 2000 sites. The set was tested on already made reports and it showed their basic omissions and disparities. The set prepared can be used by an investor in the course of making a report. It can be also a useful tool for a verifying clerk while evaluating a report for its completeness and adequacy. On the basis of the prepared set of evaluation criteria, a procedure was proposed allowing an impartial verification of reports. As a result of analyses made, a procedure was worked out which is presented in the diagram concluding this paper.

scholarly journals Determining heat losses in university educational premises and developing an algorithm for implementing energy-saving measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8 (114)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Savchenko-Pererva ◽  
Oleg Radchuk ◽  
Ludmila Rozhkova ◽  
Hanna Barsukova ◽  
Oleksandr Savoiskyi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

This paper gives examples of the implementation of energy-saving measures in public premises. The introduction of energy-saving measures at enterprises significantly reduces the fixed component of industrial expenditures. As a rule, educational institutions, for example, public premises, are financed from the state budget, and saving money on utilities will enable redirecting finances to the development of the university’s educational and scientific base. Thus, the main purpose of implementing such measures is to reduce the cost of maintaining buildings. The measures are divided into three stages. At the first preparatory stage, the problem elements of a building and communications, which require the introduction of energy-saving measures using a special Fluke Ti25 device, are identified. Problem elements of the building structure were determined by complete scanning of the ceiling, walls, and floor with the help of a thermal imager. A large (more than 10 %) difference between indoor air temperature and the temperature of the building element indicates a problem element. The research method is thermographic. The study contains an example of scanning the wall of the premises. The temperature difference between the left and the right sides of the wall is 2.6 °C (the difference with the room temperature is 21 %). This indicates significant heat losses through the wall. At the second stage of information processing, measures to reduce energy consumption were determined. At the third stage of the introduction of energy-saving measures, the measures that directly affect the energy consumption of a building and effective functioning of communications were implemented. The practical relevance of the study is to obtain results and practical recommendations that can be applied in practice to improve the energy efficiency of premises and buildings.

scholarly journals A Decision-making Method for Active Remanufacturing Time Based on Environmental and Economic Indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Qin Xiang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Zhi-gang Jiang ◽  
Shuo Zhu ◽  
Wei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Environmental Index ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

Optimal status and performance of the used parts can often make the difference between successful and unsuccessful remanufacturing for construction machinery. However, a used parts is remanufactured at an unreasonable time, there is a greater degree of resource waste and diseconomy. In this paper, a new method for determining the optimum active remanufacturing time is proposed, which considers both environmental and economic indicators. As an example, the life cycle assessment method was adopted for assessing the environmental impact of an oil cylinder over its entire service life, and an average annual cost model was established. Considering both the environmental index and the cost index, an optimization process was performed and the optimum active remanufacturing time for the oil cylinder was determined to be after 6.58 years of operation.

Energy consumption and environmental impact assessment of desalination plants and brine disposal strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 589-608
Author(s):  
Mariam N. Soliman ◽  
Fatima Z. Guen ◽  
Somaya A. Ahmed ◽  
Haleema Saleem ◽  
Mohd Junaid Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Brine Disposal ◽  
Desalination Plants

Reducing the cost, environmental impact and energy consumption of biofuel processes through heat integration

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Brunet ◽  
Dieter Boer ◽  
Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez ◽  
Laureano Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Heat Integration ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals NetFPGA Based OpenFlow Switch Extension for Energy Saving in Data Centers

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Hoang Vu ◽  
Tran Thanh ◽  
Vu Quang Trong ◽  
Pham Ngoc Nam ◽  
Nguyen Huu Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Protocol Stack ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Cost

The increasing demand for data centers in both scale and size has led to huge energy consumption. The cost and environmental impact of data centers increases due to large amounts of carbon emissions. One solution to this problem is to intelligently control the power consumption of switches used in data centers. This paper proposes an extension to OpenFlow switches to support different power saving modes. The extension includes defining new messages in the OpenFlow protocol stack and designing an OpenFlow Switch Controller (OSC) that is able to turn on/off switches and disable/enable ports. To prove the soundness of the proposed extension, the functions of an OSC has been integrated in a NetFPGA based OpenFlow switch used in the ECODANE framework. The results presented in this paper can also be used by the OpenFlow compliant switches manufacturer or by power aware research community.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qaly Threshold ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

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