Microbiology of the food chain. Detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by artificial digestion method

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Artificial Digestion

scholarly journals Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-473
Author(s):  
Jong-Yil Chai ◽  
Bong-Kwang Jung ◽  
Jin-Youp Ryu ◽  
Hyun-Seung Kim ◽  
Sung-Jong Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Mean

Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, were examined to estimate the potential risks of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar. A total of 20 frogs were purchased in a local market of Yangon and examined with naked eyes and the artificial digestion method after skin peeling in June 2018 and June 2019. Larvae of gnathostomes and Spirometra (=spargana) were detected in 15 (75.0%) and 15 (75.0%) frogs with average intensities of 10.5 and 6.3 larvae per infected frog, respectively. Gnathostome larvae were 2.75-3.80 (av. 3.30) mm long and 0.29-0.36 (0.33) mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus, and 2 pairs of cervical sac. The mean number of hooklets were 41, 44, 47, and 50 on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row, respectively. Collected spargana were actively moving, particularly with the scolex part, and have ivory-white color and variable in size. Conclusively, it has been first confirmed that Chinese edible frogs, H. rugulosus, are highly infected with larval gnathostomes and spargana in this study. Consuming these frogs is considered a potential risk of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar.

Sensitivity of Artificial Digestion and Enzyme Immunoassay Methods of Inspection for Trichinae in Pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. GAMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
Digestion Methods ◽  
Pooled Sample ◽  
The Eu

Forty-seven pigs were infected with varying doses of Trichinella spiralis and tested for evidence of infection by serology, using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by artificial digestion methods. Using a 1-g sample, as prescribed in accordance with European Union (EU) directives, the sensitivity of the pooled-sample artificial digestion method was between three and five larvae per gram (LPG) of tissue. Using a 5-g sample size, in accordance with methods described in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, and as required for the inspection of horses exported to the EU, the sensitivity of the test was increased to approximately 1 LPG. Serological testing by EIA detected pigs with as few as 0.02 LPG, but detection times varied from 4 to 8 weeks after infection. Mean postinoculation times for detection by serology were 32 to 42 days. On the basis of these results, it is clear that digestion testing using a 5-g sample size is the only method of those tested here that is completely reliable for detection of trichinae infection at a level that will protect public health. Both digestion testing using a 1-g sample and EIA have drawbacks. However, EIA remains a highly effective tool for epidemiological purposes and for monitoring trichinae infection on the farm.

Control Indicators for the Examination of Pork for Trichinella spiralis by the Acid-Pepsin Digestion Method

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-175
Author(s):  
CONNIE D. ANDREWS ◽  
DONALD W. WEBERT
Keyword(s):  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Pepsin Digestion ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Collagen Membranes ◽  
Negative Controls

Artificial digestion using an acidified pepsin solution is one of several methods of examination of meat for the presence of Trichinella spiralis larvae. Indicator devices, which serve as visible ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ Controls, have been developed for use in this digestion method. The indicators are color-coded, red and blue, modified-collagen membranes. One each of the red and blue colored membranes are added to the solution along with the sample. The digestion of the blue indicator and the retention of the red indicator are established as criteria that the process is within acceptable limits.

Detection of Trichinellosis in Pigs by Artificial Digestion and Enzyme Immunoassay

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. GAMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Sample Digestion ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Digestion Methods ◽  
Pooled Sample

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the reliability of current and proposed methods for the inspection of swine and other species for infection with the parasite Trichinella spiralis. Five groups of pigs were infected with doses of 2500, 500, 100, 50, and 20 T. spiralis larvae to establish moderate and low-level infections. Pigs were bled periodically during the study for samples to be tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). At the conclusion of the study, pigs were slaughtered and tissues collected for analyses of worm burdens and for comparison of digestion testing methods. Comparisons of pooled sample digestion methods were made using inspection methods prescribed by European Union Directives and the USDA, Code of Federal Regulations. Pooled sample digestion testing using 1-g samples was effective for detecting pigs with larval densities of >10 larvae per gram (LPG) of tissue but only partially effective for pigs with infections of <3 LPG. Pooled sample digestion testing using 5-g samples detected all pigs with infection levels >1 LPG. The EIA detected all T. spiralis-infected pigs, but did not detect infections in some pigs until 49 days after inoculation. These results demonstrate that the pooled sample digestion method using a 5-g sample size is the most effective inspection method for reducing the risk of human exposure to T. spiralis in pork.

scholarly journals Echinostoma macrorchis Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR and Morphologies of Adults from Experimental Animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-664
Author(s):  
Woon-Mok Sohn ◽  
Byoung-Kuk Na ◽  
Dongmin Lee ◽  
Keeseon S. Eom ◽  
Tai-Soon Yong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Large Ovary ◽  
End Group

We identified the echinostome metacercariae in Chinese mystery snails, <i>Cipangopaludina</i> <i>chinensis</i> <i>malleata</i>, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR with morphologies of adult worms recovered. Total 20 snails were examined with artificial digestion method and then the collected metacercariae were orally infected to a mouse and a rat. Adult worms recovered from experimental animals were observed with a light microscope and a SEM. The metacercariae were round, 125×123 µm in average size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes (3-week-old in a rat) were elongated, ventrally curved and 5.310×1.023 mm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, prepharynx very short, pharynx well developed, and esophagus relatively short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary round and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom and elongated. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 90×57 µm in average size. In the SEM observation, the head crown prominent, with 43 collar spines resembled with horns of younger stag. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the surface between the head collar and ventral sucker, and their densities were decreased posteriorly. Conclusively, the metacercariae detected in <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> <i>malleata</i> from Lao PDR were identified as those of <i>Echinostoma</i> <i>macrorchis</i> based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms.

scholarly journals Survey of the Porcine Trichinellosis in Slaughtered Pigs in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Tin Aye Khaing ◽  
Saw Bawm ◽  
Kyaw San Linn ◽  
Tin Tin Myaing ◽  
Lat Lat Htun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of trichinellosis in slaughtered pigs from three slaughterhouses located in Pyinmana, Lewe and Tatkon Townships, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Targeted population was 1,980 slaughtered pigs from those slaughterhouses and 90 pigs were randomly selected during the study period of January to March, 2012. A total of 270 muscle samples (tongue, masseter and diaphragmatic muscles from each pig) from 90 slaughtered pigs were collected and examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae by using artificial digestion method. Among the examined samples, three samples from three pigs (3.3%) showed Trichinella positive. Trichinella larvae were observed from two diaphragmatic muscles and one masseter muscle. In those positive samples, Trichinella larval intensity per gram (lpg) was 0.2. For the determination of associated risk factors of trichinellosis, questionnaire interviews to officials of slaughterhouses and owners of slaughtered pigs were conducted. Among the hypothesized risk factors, the presence of rodents around the pig farm and type of feed (use of uncooked waste feed) were identified as associated risk factors for trichinellosis. Age, gender, body weight, rearing system and use of anthelmintics appeared no association with porcine trichinellosis in this study.

scholarly journals First finding of Trichinella pseudospiralis in two tawny owls (Strix aluco) from Sweden

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Hurníková ◽  
G. Hrčková ◽  
E. Ågren ◽  
P. Komorová ◽  
J. Forsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Strix Aluco ◽  
Trichinella Pseudospiralis ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractThe worldwide distribution of Trichinella pseudospiralis, the first discovered non-encapsulated Trichinella species infecting both mammals and avian hosts, has been suggested to be attributed to bird migration. At present, the knowledge on the role of carnivorous avian species as a reservoir hosts in Europe is still limited. Thus, the aim of this research was to screen for T. pseudospiralis in raptorial, carrion-feeding, and scavenging birds in Sweden and Slovakia, where the parasite has been previously documented in wildlife. In total, 212 pectoral muscle samples of carnivorous birds from Slovakia (n = 153) and Sweden (n = 59) were examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae using standard artificial digestion method. Out of 12 Accipitridae species, 4 Falconidae species, 2 Strigidae species, 1 Tytonidae species, and 4 Corvidae species examined within our study, muscle larvae were found in two non-migratory tawny owls (Strix aluco) from one geographical region of Sweden. Histological and molecular methods confirmed the presence of T. pseudospiralis. This is the first report of this parasite in an avian species in Sweden and the second report in European birds.

scholarly journals Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-707
Author(s):  
Jong-Yil Chai ◽  
Bong-Kwang Jung ◽  
Keon Hoon Lee ◽  
Jin-Youp Ryu ◽  
Hyeon-Seung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Opisthorchis Viverrini ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Channa Striata

A survey was performed to investigate the infection status of zoonotic helminth larvae in fish from a local market of North Dagon District in Yangon City, Myanmar. A total of 486 fish in 13 species were collected 8 times from December 2015 to December 2019. All fish were transported under ice to a laboratory in Korea and examined for helminth larvae using artificial digestion method. Larval gnathostomes and metacercariae of more than 8 zoonotic trematode species, i.e., <i>Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus</i> spp., <i>Stellantchasmus falcatus, Pygidiopsis cambodiensis</i>, and <i>Procerovum</i> sp., were detected. Larval gnathostomes were found in 58 (16.0%) out of 362 fish of 6 species, with mean intensity of 2.8 per fish infected. Metacercariae of <i>O. viverrini</i> were detected in 10 (2.9%) out of 349 fish of 5 species, with mean intensity of 16.9 per fish infected. Metacercarial prevalences of 4 intestinal flukes, <i>H. taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai,</i> and <i>Centrocestus</i> spp., were 16.8%, 26.0%, 12.5%, and 15.0% in the positive fish species, respectively, and mean metacercarial intensity was 63.3, 26.8, 86.2, and 8.7 per fish infected. Metacercariae of <i>S. falcatus</i> and <i>P. cambodiensis</i> were detected only from the mullet, <i>Chelon macrolepis</i>. Metacercariae of <i>Procerovum</i> sp. were found in <i>Channa striata</i> and <i>Anabas testudineus</i>. Collectively, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with gnathostome larvae and metacercariae of <i>O. viverrini</i> and intestinal flukes in Yangon City, Myanmar.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Infection Intensity of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Soyang-cheon (Stream), in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Woon-Mok Sohn ◽  
Byoung-Kuk Na ◽  
Shin-Hyeong Cho ◽  
Jung-Won Ju ◽  
Cheon-Hyeon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Clonorchis Sinensis ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Clinostomum Complanatum

We surveyed on the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae (ZTM) in freshwater fishes from Soyang-cheon (a branch stream of Mangyeong-gang) in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, the Republic of Korea. A total of 927 fishes were individually examined with the artificial digestion method during 2013-2015 (462 fish in 15 spp.) and 2018-2019 (465 fish in 25 spp.). Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 207 (31.4%) out of 659 fishes in 14 positive fish species (PFS), and their mean intensity was 114 per fish infected (PFI). Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 302 (37.4%) out of 808 fishes in 21 PFS, and their mean intensity was 12 PFI. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were detected in 222 (59.0%) out of 376 fishes in 12 PFS, and their mean intensity was 383 PFI. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were found in 139 (22.1%) out of 628 fishes in 10 PFS, and their mean intensity was 7 PFI. Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae were detected in 14 (6.5%) out of 214 fishes in 4 PFS, and their mean intensity was 2.4 PFI. Metorchis orientalis metacercariae were detected in 36 (13.5%) out of 267 fishes in 5 PFS, and their mean intensity was 4.3 PFI. Conclusively, the prevalence and infection intensity of ZTM is generally not so high in fishes from Soyang-cheon. However, those of C. sinensis metacercariae are more or less higher in 2 fish species, Pungtungia herzi and Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae.

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