Quantitative Analysis and Development of the Fore Feet of Arabian Foals from Birth to 1 Year of Age

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to quantify external and internal anatomical characteristics of the foal foot throughout the first year of age. Methods Digital radiographs and photographs were taken bimonthly of the forefeet of nine Arabian foals, beginning at about 2 weeks of age until 12 months of age. Sixty-eight linear and angular variables were measured using NIH (National Institutes of Health) Image J software. Statistical analyses were performed using piecewise random coefficient model and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results Distinct changes in hoof development were identified between 4 and 8 months of age. Distinct changes were identified in severalexternal(conformational) measurements including hoof solar widths and lengths, palmar heel lengths, toe and heel angles and in several internal (radiographic) measurements including the widths and lengths of the phalanges and sesamoid bones as well as joint angles. Clinical Significance Existing knowledge of distal limb development in foals, particularly the foot, is limited. These findings define the measurable changes of the foal foot as it grows during the first year of life. These data provide an insight into the transformation of the hoof from its initial oval to a circular shape and from a club-like, cylindrical conformation to a more angled, conical conformation. This paper quantifies this development, ultimately allowing a better understanding of morphological changes in the foot of the growing foal.

Download Full-text

High Treg development in the first year of life gives insight into immune regulation

Pediatric Rheumatology ◽

10.1186/1546-0096-12-s1-p43 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Sytze De Roock ◽

Krijn Dijkstra ◽

Sanne Hoeks ◽

Berent Prakken

Keyword(s):

Immune Regulation ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Treg Development ◽

Insight Into

Download Full-text

Sexual maturity of mares and prospects for shortening the intergenerational period in horses

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6201 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (02) ◽

pp. 6201-2019

Author(s):

WIESŁAWA MŁODAWSKA ◽

MARIAN TISCHNER

Keyword(s):

Sexual Maturity ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

First Year ◽

Sex Recognition ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Animal Reproduction ◽

One Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The aim of the study is to present current knowledge on the mechanisms regulating puberty in mares and the possibility of shortening the intergenerational period in horses through modern animal reproduction biotechnology. The study discusses fetal sex recognition in horses by means of ultrasound, pre- and postnatal development of mare gonads, oogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the process of selection and elimination of oocytes. It also describes the role of gonadotropins, ovarian hormonal activity and morphological changes occurring during sexual maturation. It has been shown that about 37% of mares attain sexual maturity in the first year of life. It has also been documented that one-year and two-year-old fillies produce normal embryos that can be used for transplantation and give offspring. It has also been proved that embryos can be produced in vitro from oocytes of juvenile mares. There is hope that acquiring preantral follicles from the ovary and their in vitro culture until the oocyte reaches full maturity for fertilization will permit us to obtain embryos and offspring from mares, including those sexually immature. These methods, combined with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer techniques, have already made it possible to obtain normal embryos and even live-born offspring in other mammals.

Download Full-text

Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence for Infancy in the Roman World

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.8 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Maureen Carroll

Keyword(s):

Childhood Studies ◽

First Year ◽

Life And Death ◽

The Social ◽

Roman Culture ◽

One Year ◽

Key Aspects ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Epigraphic Evidence ◽

Insight Into

The Roman family has become a vibrant and challenging field of study, and the growing interest in children in Roman culture can be seen as a development within this trend. Nevertheless, studies of children tend to focus on the later phases of childhood, with few investigations of the role and significance of infants. While the Roman life-course and the social construction of ageing are occasional themes in childhood, discussions the distinct life stages of development and socialization apparent already in the first year of life hardly feature in current discourses. In view of this imbalance in childhood studies, this chapter explores some key aspects of Roman infancy and earliest childhood, using archaeological, epigraphic, and historical evidence to gain insight into the attitudes towards the very young, and particularly those under the age of one year, in both life and death, and, sometimes, even before birth.

Download Full-text

The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd18.1.19 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Maggie-Lee Huckabee

Keyword(s):

Cortical Activation ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Single Session ◽

Primary Finding ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

Cortical Modulation ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

Download Full-text