scholarly journals BIOFUELS: A RETURN TO THE PAST OR A MODERN RENEWABLE SOURCE OF BIOENERGY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Tsarev ◽  
Raisa Tsareva ◽  
Vadim Tsarev ◽  
Elena Miligula
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Average Height ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Forest Enterprises

The analysis of research on biofuels is presented. In connection with the forecast of the depletion of fossil sources for energy production and their adverse effects on the environment, research and practical work on the use of renewable resources for these purposes is being carried out in different countries. Plant biomass, wind, sun, hydro resources, geothermal waters, etc. are considered. According to some data, wood biomass in the European Union from all renewable sources in 2012 was 50%. Among the suppliers of wood biomass in the world, short- cropped plantations of fast-growing tree species (poplars, willows, etc.) are gaining popularity. The European Union has adopted a plan to create 70,000 hectares of such plantations. In the Central Chernozem region of Russia, research on the creation and evaluation of the effectiveness of short- rotation plantations began in the mid-90s of the twentieth century. Studies have shown that on a plantation of Robusta poplar at the age of 4 years, with a 2-year rotation and a planting density of 20 thousand plants per 1 ha, the annual increase in absolutely dry biomass can be 11.5 t/ ha/year. After a long break due to the difficulties of the 1990s, these works were resumed only in 2015-2016. In accordance with the developed program, work has begun on the creation and research of experimental facilities both on the territory of Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology and on the lands of industrial forest enterprises. The best results on the growth of poplars in the reproductive areas were obtained in the Kulikovsky forestry of the Lipetsk region, where the annual shoots of poplars ‘Voronezh Giant’ and P. trichocarpa at the root-cutting plantation reached an average height of 157-183 cm.

The Legal Framework for Data and Consumer Protection in Europe

2009 ◽  
pp. 326-346
Author(s):  
Charles O’Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Frameworks

This chapter will discuss the legal framework for consumer and data protection in Europe. Central to this discussion will be the law of the European Union (EU) on data and consumer protection.3 Recent years have seen the creation of legal frameworks in Europe which seek to secure the protection of consumers while simultaneously facilitating economic growth in the European Union. This chapter will outline the main sources of law which protect consumers and their privacy. This chapter will outline the important provisions in these sources of law and critically analyse them. The chapter will also point up the gaps and deficiencies in the consumer and data protection legal structures.

Experience of Using Self-Compacting Concrete Mixes in Transport Construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
I. Pulyaev ◽  
S. Pulyaev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Tunnel Construction ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
The Creation

The creation of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is associated with the introduction of plasticizing additives based on polycarboxylate esters (PCE). The first patent for a group of substances proposed for use as superplasticizers for concrete, was declared in the early 80-ies of the last century in Japan. In the mid 90-ies superplasticizers based on esters of polycarboxylates began to be used in Europe. In Russia, the use of self-compacting concrete began much later, and in bridge and tunnel construction almost a few years ago. Currently, in the European Union, 70-80% of reinforced concrete structures are made or erected from self-compacting concrete mixtures, and concrete is commonly called self-compacting. In Russia, such concretes are sometimes called self-leveling. The volume of their use is still small.

scholarly journals Contentious Citizenship: Feminist Debates and Practices and European Challenges

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Lombardo ◽  
Mieke Verloo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation

Citizenship is both a contentious and contested struggle about the creation of rights, duties, and opportunities. Feminist practices and debates can clarify the meaning of citizenship. This is because the form of feminist practices, characterized by an ongoing struggle, and the content of feminist debates, focusing on gender and other inequalities, recognition of different voices, and critiques of the public and private dichotomy, are particularly suited for dealing with the challenges of contentious and contested processes of citizenship. We argue more specifically that feminist debates and practices provide fruitful contributions for the citizenship challenges that the European Union must face.

State and Future of the European Constitution – Improvement or Radical Reform?

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Hanf
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Constitution ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
One Year

In January 1999 German Foreign Minister J. Fischer called for a debate on the creation of a constitution for the European Union. Since then, many German politicians have exposed their vision of the future of Europe and its constitution. However, even one year later, the matter appeared still to be a ‘German concern’ only.

Harmonisation and Cooperation within the Third Pillar—Built in Risks

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Petter Asp
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Maastricht Treaty ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Community Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Criminal Matters

During the past nine years, co-operation in criminal matters within the European Union has developed in a rather fascinating way. Before the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force in 1993, there was not much co-operation in this area at all.During the time before Maastricht, the focus was on the creation of the internal market, on the rules on competition etc. and criminal law did not fall within the scope of the Treaties. Thus, although Community law had (and has) some implications for national criminal law and despite the fact that some conventions were agreed upon within the European Political Co-operation one cannot really say that criminal law questions were formally on the agenda before Maastricht.

scholarly journals La Transposición al Derecho Nacional de la Directiva Europea 2010/64/UE en España, Francia, Bélgica y Luxemburgo: “Lost in transposition”

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Araceli Rojo Chacón
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right

Resumen: En el contexto de la globalización, el número de procesos penales multilingües en la Unión Europea ha aumentado. Para afrontar este reto, el 20 de octubre de 2010, el Parlamento Europeo aprobó la Directiva 2010/64/UE sobre el derecho a la interpretación y traducción en los proceso penales. Agotado el plazo de transcripción, en este estudio se analizan las medidas adoptadas en España, Bélgica, Francia y Luxemburgo, centrándose en la principal novedad introducida por la Directiva: la creación de un registro de traductores e interpretes independientes. Para extraer mejores conclusiones, se compara la situación en estos cuatro países con el caso de Austria, donde los requisitos para actuar como traductor e interprete judicial fueron establecidos antes de la publicación de la Directiva. El objetivo principal de este articulo es destacar casos de buenas y malas prácticas y proponer nuevas iniciativas que puedan contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la traducción e interpretación en los procesos penales.Abstract: In a context of globalization, the number of multilingual criminal proceedings in the European Union is increasing. To deal with this challenge, on the 20th of October 2010, the European Parliament published the Directive 2010/64/UE on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings. Once the transposition deadline ended, the current study aims at analyzing the measures taken in Spain, Belgium, France and Luxemburg, focusing on the main innovation presented by the Directive: the creation of a register of independent translators and interpreters. For a better analysis, the situation in these four countries is compared to the case of Austria, where the requirements to act as judicial translator and interpreter had been established before the Directive. The main goal of the paper is to highlight cases of good and bad practices and to suggest new initiatives in order to improve the overall quality of translation and interpreting in criminal proceedings. 

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