scholarly journals Obtaining particulate agglomerates from the recycling of multilayer containers and low density polyethylene

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ma. Angeles Enríquez-Pérez ◽  
Jaime Rosales-Davalos ◽  
Víctor Hugo Castrejón-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The One ◽  
Mass Volume

Currently, the interest and the need to innovate new materials through the use of waste materials has grown, which meet similar or improved physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the materials they will replace. During the present investigation, Multilayer Containers (EM) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) were collected, particulate agglomerates with different proportions were obtained, the apparent density, water absorption, mass, volume, heat behavior, angle were determined. contact, machining and compression tests. With the objective of evaluating the proportions p / p in the properties. The advantage of the material obtained is that they do not generate waste and are 100% recyclable. The 90:10 ratio is the one that could be used in the construction industry as false walls, with a modulus of rupture of 52.7 N / mm2 and a compressive stress of 32.9 MP, because it can be machined without altering its characteristics. -physical houses; While the 85:15 and 80:20 proportions, since they cannot be machined, could be used as a floating support with a photocatalyst catalyst, due to the fact that these agglomerates have dimensional stability when in contact with water.

scholarly journals Thermal pyrolysis of LDPE and LLDPE films in post-consumer packaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e23
Author(s):  
Douglas Da Silva Vallada ◽  
Carlos Alberto Mendes Moraes ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Santos da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Worldwide Production ◽  
The One

Thermoplastics are increasingly present in the daily life of society in the most varied applications. Among the thermoplastics, polyethylene is the one that presents the higher volume of worldwide production and consumption. However, a large part of its applications are for products with a short shelf life, especially the food packaging sector. This way, they become expressive constituents in the composition of urban solid waste, leading to large quantities often being deposited in landfills. Pyrolysis appears as a technology for recycling plastic waste, allowing the recovery of the monomers that originated it. Through this thermochemical process, the waste is converted into three different products: oil or, in some cases wax, non-condensable gases, and a solid fraction named char. Thus, the goal of this study is to contribute for the development of pyrolysis as a technology for the final treatment of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) waste from post-consumer packaging, through the analysis of the influence of the pyrolysis temperature in the chemical composition of the oil produced, as well as the discussion of possible applications. For this purpose, the waste was initially characterized through analyses of attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The characterization experiments showed that the plastic waste is constituted of 4.07% ash, 0.52% fixed carbon, and 95.54% volatile matter, showing its great potential to produce pyrolytic oil. Thermal degradation of the waste initiated at around 410°C and continued through about 530°C, with maximum rate of thermal degradation at about 488°C. The pyrolysis process was carried out with 50g samples of post-consumer LDPE and LLDPE, previously agglutinated, with particle size ranging from 0.001mm to 4mm, in a horizontal quartz reactor, with an inert atmosphere of N2, heating rate of 10°C/min, and residence time of 30 minutes. The experiments were conducted with experimental temperatures of 500°C and 700°C, in order to verify the influence of the temperature in the chemical composition of the oil obtained in the process. The analysis of the oil collected at 500°C by infrared spectroscopy revealed a specter similar to the one of commercial diesel. Through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, it was verified a composition constituted mostly by olefins (44%), from 8 to 35 carbon atoms, followed by paraffins (23.8%), and cycloparaffins (10%). There was also a considerable percentage of alpha-olefins, important for the petrochemical industry, and a percentage of aromatic compounds on a trace level. By varying the temperature to 700°C, an increase in the level of aromatic compounds to 16.6% occurred, accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of olefins, paraffins, and cycloparaffins. The oils obtained in both temperatures have potential for application in steam cracking or conventional catalytic cracking processes to obtain the raw materials of the petrochemical industry.

Microcellular foaming by using subcritical CO2 of crosslinked and non-crosslinked LDPE/clay nanocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Laguna-Gutierrez ◽  
Javier Escudero ◽  
Vipin Kumar ◽  
Miguel A Rodriguez-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Gas Solubility ◽  
Crosslinking Degree ◽  
Crosslinked Polymer ◽  
The One

The semicrystalline character of low density polyethylene adds severe difficulties to its foamability by a batch process in which the gas is dissolved into the polymer matrix under subcritical conditions. To improve the low density polyethylene foamability, two strategies have been used: the addition of nanoclays and a partial crosslinking of the polymer matrix. On the one hand, the use of nanoparticles is suggested because they act as heterogeneous nucleating sites reducing the cell size and increasing the cell density. On the other hand, crosslinking is also adopted as a solution because both the crystallinity (and hence, the gas solubility and diffusivity) and the extensional rheological properties of the polymer matrix are highly influenced by the crosslinking degree achieved. Results indicate that despite the fact that the presence of nanoclays deteriorates the rheological behaviour of the nanocomposites and, hence, the later foaming behaviour, the use of partially crosslinked polymer matrices allows achieving high expansion ratios (around 7.5) as well as enhanced cellular structures with cell sizes of approximately 15 µm.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of hybrid coconut/glass fibers reinforced low density polyethylene composites for bumper application

10.30544/453 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinlabi O. David ◽  
Ibeh Stanley Chukwuemeka ◽  
Enegide E. Osther ◽  
Garba N. Salihu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Polyethylene Matrix

The EU's End of Life Vehicles (ELV) regulations are forcing car manufacturers to consider the environmental impact of their production and possibly shift from the use of synthetic materials to the use of agro-based materials. However, poor mechanical properties and certain manufacturing limitations currently limit the use of agro-based materials to non-structural and semi-structural automotive components. This research is focused on a composite of hybrid coconut/glass fiber as reinforcement in recycled low density polyethylene matrix alone to enhance the desired mechanical properties for car bumper as automotive structural components. X-ray fluorescence analysis conducted on coconut fiber showed the presence of silica and alumina materials make coconut fibre a choice one. Morphology analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which reveals that there are small discontinuities and reasonably uniform distribution of the reinforcement fibers and the reinforced low density polyethylene (RLDPE) binder resulting to better mechanical properties. Physic-chemical properties that directly affect developed composite such as variation of Density, Water Absorption, Tensile Strength, Bending strength, Modulus of rupture, Impact Strength and Hardness Values were investigated for both unhybridized and hybridized developed composite. The study shows the successful development of composites of coconut fiber (CF) hybridized with glass fiber (GF) and reinforced low density polyethylene (RLDPE) binder using a simple molding technique. Hybridized samples (CF-GF/RLDPE) showed higher strength when compared to un-hybridized (CF/RLDPE) composites. Better microstructural bonding exists with 25% and 30% wt CF-GF composite resulting in good mechanical properties for the hybridized composites. The grades of composites obtained in the course of this study are applicable in the production of low strength car bumpers.

Characterisation and modelling of a transversely isotropic melt-extruded low-density polyethylene closed cell foam under uniaxial compression

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (9) ◽  
pp. 2168-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qusai Hatem Jebur ◽  
Philip Harrison ◽  
Zaoyang Guo ◽  
Gerlind Schubert ◽  
Xiangyang Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Transversely Isotropic ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Polymer Foam ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Closed Cell

This article describes uniaxial compression tests on a melt-extruded closed-cell low-density polyethylene foam. The stress–strain response shows that the mechanical behaviour of the foam is predominantly transversely isotropic viscoelastic and compressible. Image analysis is used to estimate the Poisson’s ratio under large strains. When the deformation is less than 5%, the compression kinematics and mechanical response of the polymer foam can be well described by a linear compressible transversely isotropic elastic model. For large strain, a simple method is proposed to estimate the uniaxial compression response of the foam at any arbitrary orientation by manipulating experimental data obtained from compression tests in the principal and transverse directions (stress vs. strain and Poisson’s ratio) and a simple shear test. An isotropic compressible hyperfoam model is then used to implement this behaviour in a finite element code.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIS DAN PERILAKU LENTUR BALOK KAYU LAMINASI MEKANIK

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Prasetyowati Putri ◽  
Fengky Satria Yoresta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Laminated Beams ◽  
Laminated Beam ◽  
Wood Beams ◽  
Beam Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Type 3

Penggunaan paku atau baut maupun kombinasinya dengan perekat sebagai penghubungantar lamina pada balok kayu laminasi akan mempengaruhi karakteristik mekanis danperilaku keruntuhan balok tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan karakteristikmekanis dan menganalisa perilaku lentur balok kayu laminasi mekanik. Tiga tipe baloklaminasi digunakan dalam penelitian ini, ditambah balok glulam sebagai kontrol. Balok tipe 1menggunakan baut/paku di sepanjang bentang sebagai penghubung antar lamina. Balok tipe 2hanya menggunakan paku/baut pada sepertiga bentang di kedua ujung balok, sedangkan padasepertiga bentang lainnya menggunakan perekat. Paku atau baut pada balok tipe 3ditempatkan pada sepertiga bentang di tengah balok dan sisanya menggunakan perekat.Pengujian lentur dilakukan dengan metode one point centre loading dengan jarak antartumpuan 90cm. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan balok tipe 3 memiliki nilai ModulusElastisitas (MOE) tertinggi dibandingkan balok tipe 1 dan tipe 2. MOE balok laminasitertinggi terdapat pada balok laminasi-paku diameter 0.3 cm tipe 3 (52162.95 kg/cm2)sedangkan terendah pada balok laminasi-paku diameter 0.3 cm tipe 1 (11077.41 kg/cm2).Modulus of Rupture (MOR) tertinggi terdapat pada balok laminasi-paku diameter 0.3 tipe 3(368.16 kg/cm2) dan terendah pada balok laminasi-baut diameter 0.5 cm tipe 3 (207.36kg/cm2). Balok kontrol memiliki nilai MOE dan MOR tertinggi dibandingkan semua baloklaminasi mekanik. Posisi penempatan baut, paku, dan perekat pada balok laminasi hanyaberpengaruh terhadap nilai MOE. Semua kerusakan yang ditemukan pada balok laminasimekanik adalah berupa kerusakan lentur dan geser antar lamina The use of nails or bolts or its combination with adhesive as connector between lamina on laminated wood beams will affect the mechanical characteristics and collapse behavior of the beam. This study aims to determine the mechanical characteristics and analyze the flexural behavior of mechanical-laminated wood beams. Three types of the mechanical-laminated beams used in this study beside glulam beams as control. The type 1 using bolts/nails along the span as a connector between laminas. Beam type 2 only using nails/bolts on the one-third span at both ends of the beam, while adhesive on the other space of span. Nails or bolts on beam type 3 is placed on the one-third span at the middle of the beam, and the other space using adhesive. Bending test was conducted by using one-point centre loading method with 90 cm of span. The study concluded that beam type 3 has the highest value of Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) compared to beam type 1 and type 2. The highest MOE for laminated beams is found on nail-laminated beam with diameter of 0.3 cm type 3 (52162.95 kg/cm2) while the lowest one is on nail-laminated beam with diameter of 0.3 cm type 1 (11077.41 kg/cm2). The highest Modulus of Rupture (MOR) is found on nail-laminated beam with diameter of 0.3 cm type 3 (368.16 kg/cm2), and the lowest one is on bolt-laminated beam with diameter of 0.5 cm type 3 (207.36 kg/cm2). The control beam has the highest value of MOE and MOR compared to all mechanical-laminated wood beams. Position of bolts, nails, and adhesive on the laminated beams is only affects to MOE. All damage found on the mechanical-laminated beams is in form of flexural collapse and shear failure among laminas.

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