Adult Bilinguals’ Orthographic Representations: Cognates vs. Non-Cognates in Complex English Word Spelling
Spelling complex English words is more difficult than reading them, suggesting that spelling requires higher quality orthographic representations and a greater degree of word knowledge compared to reading. Without high-quality orthographic representations, spellers often rely on other information (e.g., phonological to orthographic encoding) to aid spelling. However, the quasi-regular nature of English orthography-to-phonology relations often render encoding strategies ineffective. This study examined whether alternative orthographic representations might facilitate the spelling of complex English words. Specifically, would English-Spanish bilingual university students benefit from orthographic similarities of English-Spanish cognates compared with non-cognates when spelling complex words? Cognates are words that share similar spellings and meanings across languages; given the Spanish orthography’s transparent nature, cognates might help inform English spelling. Bilingual students (n = 77) were asked to spell complex English words, half of which were Spanish cognates, with item-level spelling accuracy modeled using word-level (e.g., cognate status) and person-level (e.g., general reading ability) predictors. Results indicate that participants had a higher probability of spelling complex cognate words correctly compared to non-cognate words matched on other word features (e.g., frequency and word length). Findings from this study expand an interdisciplinary framework of understanding bilinguals’ lexical access and strength of orthographic representations across languages.