scholarly journals FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH SEMANTICS OF INDIRECT EVIDENTIALITY FROM FRENCH INTO RUSSIAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019
Author(s):  
G.F. Lutfullina
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Informative Part ◽  
Dependent Clause

The article is devoted to the analysis of complex sentences with indirect evidentiality semantics in French. A complex sentence is an explicit way of expressing indirect evidentiality. Indirect evidentiality implies the receipt of information from third parties. A complex sentence is a mean of complete representation of information source. As a result of the study it was found that in French indirect evidentiality is expressed by complex sentences. The main clause indicates information source. The dependent clause introduced by conjunction que is informative. The subordinate clause in majority of cases is in postposition of the main clause. French complex sentence is translated into Russian by analogue complex sentence. Only in some cases it is possible to replace the subordinate clause as a verbally expressed informative part by a process noun. In French and in Russian informing verbs are involved at the lexical level. In French the verbs informer, announcer are involved. Occasionally the verb renseigner is used. In translation these verbs correspond to Russian verbs of similar semantics: декларировать / to declare, сообщать / to report, извещать / to inform.

scholarly journals On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Pragmatic Inference ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Adverbial Clause

The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse. 

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL

JURNAL SPHOTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Wahyu Nugraha ◽  
I Komang Sulatra ◽  
Purwati
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Dependent Clause

A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases.  The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.

scholarly journals Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Sorace ◽  
Francesca Filiaci
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Subject Pronoun

This study presents data from an experiment on the interpretation of intrasentential anaphora in Italian by native Italian speakers and by English speakers who have learned Italian as adults and have reached a near-native level of proficiency in this language. The two groups of speakers were presented with complex sentences consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause, in which the subordinate clause had either an overt pronoun or a null subject pronoun. In half of the sentences the main clause preceded the subordinate clause (forward anaphora) and in the other half the subordinate clause preceded the main clause (backward anaphora). Participants performed in a picture verification task in which they had to indicate the picture(s) that corresponded to the meaning of the subordinate clause, thus identifying the possible antecedents of the null or overt subject pronouns. The patterns of responses of the two groups were very similar with respect to the null subject pronouns in both the forward and backward anaphora conditions. Compared to native monolingual speakers, however, the near-natives had a significantly higher preference for the subject of the matrix clause as a possible antecedent of overt subject pronouns, particularly in the backward anaphora condition. The results indicate that near-native speakers have acquired the syntactic constraints on pronominal subjects in Italian, but may have residual indeterminacy in the interface processing strategies they employ in interpreting pronominal forms.

scholarly journals Syntactic Traits of Russian Complex Sentences with Subordinate Clauses with Reverse Subordinative Relations and Ways of Their Translation into Korean

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Wongnam Li
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
The Russian Language

Russian complex with reverse subordinative relations between clauses are characterized by asymmetric relations between their form and content: the main clause is formed as a subordinate one because it includes the relation marker, namely the subordinate conjunction or conjunction-like word; the formally subordinate clause is in reality the main one according to its meaning. In the Russian language, this serves as syntactic means of expressiveness (sudden and unexpected change in circumstances, etc.), implicit modus meanings, or actualization of various relations. To preserve these meanings, various expanded means of expression of all meanings are used to translate such sentences into Korean: implicit modus meanings are made explicit with the help of independent predicative units, relations of immediate consecution are expressed via special lexical units, and some parts of Russian complex sentences may sometimes be represented as separate sentences in Korean in order to actualize the rhematic parts.

scholarly journals A Corpus-Based Study on Mood Combination Preference in Two-Clause Composite Sentences in Modern Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Guangrong Wan ◽  
Chengfa Yu
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Compound Sentence

Every clause is associated with a specific expressive intention and bears a specific mood: declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamative. Different moods are combined with the juxtaposition of clauses. A compound sentence has a homogeneous mood combination between its constituent clauses, while the mood in a complex sentence is usually counted on its main clause with the mood in its subordinate clause(s) drowned. Clauses in a Chinese sentence, however, are independent in terms of mood; that is to say, the mood of the whole sentence is the combination of moods of each clause. Tendency for mood combination of two-clause composite sentences in modern Chinese is demonstrated as follows: 1) Homogeneous mood combinations greatly exceed heterogeneous ones; the “declarative + declarative” type outnumbers other types; and there are more combinations with a declarative mood than those without; 2) The more convincing the meaning of a particle indicates, the more frequently the corresponding mood appears in the first part of the combinations; and the mood realized by a modal adverb appears in the second part if another mood is not realized by a modal adverb; 3) A conjunction highly restricts the mood combination; and the frequency of mood combination in coordinate and causal clauses is approximately equal, much higher than that in adversative clauses.

Kolisi

2020 ◽  
pp. 552-576
Author(s):  
Zelealem Leyew
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
And Gender

Kolisi is one of the least-known Ethiopian languages classified under the Central Cushitic (Agäw) language family. It has seven vowels and twenty-five consonants. As a typical Agäw language, the velar nasal /ŋ/, the alveolar affricate /ts/, and the velar fricative /x/ are among the archaic phonemes. Vowel length is not phonemic. Ejective sounds are absent. There are relics of prefix conjugation, but the language chiefly exhibits suffix conjugation. Verbs consist of a stem and agreeing suffixes of person, number, and gender as well as tense and mood. No gender distinction is shown in personal pronouns. Most nouns end in vowels where /-i/ indicates masculine and /-a/ feminine. Plural is marked heterogeneously but the morpheme /-ka/ appears most frequently. Accusative case is marked by the morpheme /-wa/. Kolisi is an SOV language and predominantly head-final. In complex sentences, subordinate clause precedes main clause.

scholarly journals Complementiser and Relativiser in the English Subordinate Clauses

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati
Keyword(s):  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Constituent Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Tree Diagram ◽  
1 John ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Compound Sentence

Words combine to form larger units; phrases, clauses, and sentences. The study of the structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences is referred to as syntax. Quirk, et, all (1985:47) distinguishes sentences into two types they are; simple sentences and multiple sentences which cover compound sentences and complex sentences. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, a multiple clause contains more than one clauses, a compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, while a complex sentence consists of insubordinate and subordinate clauses.Subordinate clause, in embedding the element of the insubordinate clause use either complementiser or relativiser. For example: (1) john said that he did not come to the party. That in (1) is considered to be complimentiser since it introduces the subordinate clause. (2) John met the teacher that teaches you English. That in (2) is classified as relativiser because it is used to introduce the modifying clause.This paper attempts to discuss complementiser and relativiser in the English subordinate clauses and describe the constituent structure in a tree diagram using the approach proposed by Kroeger (2005). The data were taken from a novel entitled Saved by The Bride by Fiona Lowe (2013).Keywords: complex sentences, subordinate clauses, complementiser or relativiser

scholarly journals Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hiroki Fujita ◽  
Ian Cunnings
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause

Abstract We report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.

scholarly journals A taxonomy of antonymy in Arabic: Egyptian and Saudi proverbs in comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-222
Author(s):  
Hamada Hassanein ◽  
Mohammad Mahzari
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Discourse Functions ◽  
Syntactic Frames

Abstract This study has set out to identify, quantify, typify, and exemplify the discourse functions of canonical antonymy in Arabic paremiography by comparing two manually collected datasets from Egyptian and Saudi (Najdi) dialects. Building upon Jones’s (2002) most extensive and often-cited classification of the discourse functions of antonyms as they co-occur within syntactic frames in news discourse, the study has substantially revised this classification and developed a provisional and dynamic typology thereof. Two major textual functions are found to be quantitatively significant and qualitatively preponderant: ancillarity (wherein an A-pair of canonical antonyms project their antonymicity onto a more important B-pair) and coordination (wherein one antonym holds an inclusive or exhaustive relation to another antonym). Three new functions have been developed and added to the retrieved classification: subordination (wherein one antonym occurs in a subordinate clause while the other occurs in a main clause), case-marking (wherein two opposite cases are served by two antonyms), and replacement (wherein one antonym is substituted with another). Semicanonical and noncanonical guises of antonymy are left and recommended for future research.

Examining individual variation in learner production data: A few programmatic pointers for corpus-based analyses using the example of adverbial clause ordering

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Stefan Th. Gries ◽  
Stefanie Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Temporal Adverbial

ABSTRACT This study examines the variable positioning of a finite adverbial subordinate clause and its main clause with the subordinate clause either preceding or following the main clause in native versus nonnative English. Specifically, we contrast causal, concessive, conditional, and temporal adverbial clauses produced by German and Chinese learners of English with those produced by native speakers. We examined 2,362 attestations from the Chinese and German subsections of the International Corpus of Learner English (Granger, Dagneaux, Meunier, & Paquot, 2009) and from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (Granger, 1998). All instances were annotated for the ordering, the subordinate clause type, the lengths of the main and subordinate clauses, the first language of the speakers, the conjunction used, and the file it originated from (as a proxy for the speaker producing the sentence so as to be able to study individual and lexical variation). The results of a two-step regression modeling protocol suggest that learners behave most nativelike with causal clauses and struggle most with conditional and concessive clauses; in addition, learners make more non-nativelike choices when the main and subordinate clause are of about equal length.

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