EVOLUTION OF ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION IN LANGUAGES OF ROMANCE, GERMANIC, AND SLAVIC GROUPS

The study was carried out within the framework of the current problems associated with the evolution of the absolute participial construction in several living and extinct languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic groups. The controversial issues, versions of the origin and development of the structure in these languages ("Latin", "Greek" and "autochthonous") are discussed. The structural and semantic features of the absolute participial construction are compared. It has been established that in the languages under study, the construction has a binary structure that includes a name (noun or pronoun) playing the role of a logical subject, and a participle in the role of a logical predicate. Together with the main sentence, the construction forms a paratactic syntactic complex, the constituents of which are not connected with each other by means of service words. Similarities include the ability to express definitively or syncretically temporary meaning; as for the differences, they are the expression in some languages of a causal, conditional, concessive, target, connecting meaning. Depending on the peculiarities of the development of grammatical systems of languages, the structure may include participles of different types, prepositions may be present, the structure may take both the general case form and another case fixed by the language for this type of structures. The words order, which can be either direct or inverse or depend on the transmitted meaning or part of speech of the subject, also differs in the languages. In conclusion, the necessity of further comprehensive analysis of this type of structures is substantiated.

LANGUAGES OF SMALL PEOPLES IN THE ASPECT OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC METHODOLOGY (CASE STUDY OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLES OF SIBERIA)

The article is devoted to the development of a combined methodology. We are talking about the process of sociolinguistic study of the languages of small peoples. Most of these idiom languages (in Russia they are concentrated mainly in Siberia) are younger and little-studied (in relation to speech and texts). They need extensive documentation on European standards. Documentation and subsequent processing of the collected material are made using modern technical means: computer technologies and programs. We also believe that other methods of research can be applied to them, including traditional sociolinguistic ones. The article justifies the development of a combined methodology for these languages. The essence of this approach is as follows: using methods and techniques from the arsenal of sociolinguistics, it is necessary to fix specific structural characteristics. The combined presentation of the information of sociolinguistic and structural-semantic plans gives a combined description of the desired linguistic formations as idiom languages. Most idioms of Siberia (in particular, the Soyot language, the Koibal dialect of the Khakass language) have scientific descriptions, but they are not enough. In addition, these languages are not described as idioms in them. Understanding the available materials from this angle will help clarify the ways of developing the languages of small peoples in modern times.

CHARACTERISTIC ASPECTS OF GERMAN PHILOSOPHICAL LYRICS OF ХХI CENTURY

This article examines the features of explication of modern German philosophical lyrics represented by the transnational genres of haiku and tanka. The author focuses on the problem of definition of the term “philosophical lyrics”, observes the process of formation and representation of haiku and tanka as syncretic genres in German poetry, conducts a comparative analysis of these genres. The universal features of haiku as well as features peculiar to European culture are summarized and described. The article also analyzes the concept of the connection between haiku and painting and describes the haiga genre as a symbiosis of poetry, calligraphy and painting. The research is based on the haiku and tanka of modern German authors: I Kunshke, H. Tum, M. Bagdan, M. Berner, S. Kempen, F. Ditrich. The applied methods of linguistic-stylistic and literary analysis are aimed at identifying the linguistic means of German haiku and tanka poetry, giving insight into formation of the philosophical worldview of the Western European society.

LINGUISTIC PROCEDURAL SUPPORT FOR THE RESEARCH OF THE RUSSIAN FAIRY TALE PLOT

The article is devoted to one of the ways of studying the plot of a fairy tale, which was developed as a result of a consistent comprehensive understanding of ideas and concepts in the Russian and French schools of plot composition. The article provides an analytical representation of the concepts of the actant and the actant model, as well as highlights the main stages of the procedure for identifying them from the text. Special attention is paid to the identification and analysis of the verbal expression of the functional and qualitative characteristics of the characters of a fairy tale. Functional characteristics allow us to determine the actant position of the hero in the plot model, and qualitative characteristics help to identify his spiritual traits. In the article, Greimas's methodology is used to correctly identify the plot structure of the Russian folk tale "The Tsar Maiden". To illustrate the research procedure, a fragment of the actant analysis of the fairy tale is given, which presents the procedure of studying a parallel corpus of statements, containing all characteristics and functional messages of one of the characters of the fairy tale. As a result of the semantic analysis of verbal qualitative and functional characteristics, the actant position of the character is determined, which helps to reconstruct the actant model, which is the constructive basis of the tale's plot.

VARIANTS OF COMPLICATION OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE BY SEMI-PREDICATIVE TERMS (on the material of English-language fiction)

This study examines the characteristic features of the functioning of separate members in the structure of a simple sentence, reveals their syntactic connections with the word being defined and the additional meaning that indicates secondary predication in a simple sentence. The material of the research was about one thousand examples, including separate members of various filling, extracted from 15 works of English and American authors, mainly of the 20th century, with a total volume of about 6000 pages. The study of factual material is carried out through the context-semantic, transformational and oppositional methods. The relevance of the research topic is based on the fact that isolated minor members were identified by A.M. Peshkovsky in 1914 and since then they have been repeatedly described in general and special studies. However, many issues related to segregation still remain unresolved. In the work, separate definitions are characterized as members that reveal the actual syntactic aspect of the so-called semi-predicativeness of a simple sentence and allow qualifying semi-predicativeness as a special way of spreading a simple sentence, and semi-predicative relations as special syntactic relations.

JOYCE's CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL SPEECH IN V. PELEVIN's NOVEL “THE LIFE OF INSECTS”

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the poetics of the novels by J. Joyce “Ulysses” and V. Pelevin “The Life of Insects”. Afore in J. Joyce's speech, speech ceases to correlate subject-object relations, turning into an independent substance, and in V. Pelevin's speech dematerialization occurs simultaneously with this process. It is important for V. Pelevin, that Joyce's techniques change the author's status, calling into question his existence as such. The article highlights general strategies for mastering someone else's word, general principles of reflection on speech models of the world, which ultimately turns into a principle of structural reassembly of universes of authors, combining both forward movement and a constant return to the origins, the desire to automate the text and the termination of any kind of dependence on reality (including thoughts and texts that are born in this universe), cyclism and movement in a circle.

MORDVA - SUPRA-ETHNOS; MOKSHA, ERZYA - SUB-ETHNOSES? (Experience of interdisciplinary dialogue)

The prominent Mordovian historian-ethnologist N.F. Mokshin chronologically and consistently presented information about Mordovians, Moksha and Erzya in the mass-political publication "Mordovia through the eyes of foreign and Russian travelers". This information was taken from Iordan, Konstantin Bagryanorodnyj, Rubruk, Joseph, Strabo, Ptolemy Claudius, Abu Ishaq al'-Farisi al' Istakhri, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Ibn-Haukal', Julian, H. Fren, P.S. Savel'ev, A.Ya. Garkavi; “The Tale of Bygone Years” (Povest Vremennykh let), V.N. Tatishchev, P.I. Rychkov, P.S. Pallas, Johann-Gottlieb Georgi and others recent and modern historians and ethnologists. In the proposed publication, a comparativist, a specialist in comparative historical linguistics, gives consistent comments to those presented by N.F. Mokshin's views, assumptions and conclusions of travelers, geographers, historians, ethnologists, among whom there was not a single professional linguist. In particular, there are doubts about the rapprochement of the modern ethnonym Erzya with exoethnonyms: Aors (Strabo), Arsiites (Ptolemy Claudius), Aris (Joseph), which are offered other explanations. It is clarified that Artania, as one of the three names of the Eastern Slavs (Rus, Slavia, Artania) mentioned by K. Bagryanorodnyj, should be read [Art̠āniya] in the Latin transliteration of the Arabic original. [Arsaija / Ersanija] readings are distorted; therefore, the archetype of the modern ethnonym Erzya is erroneous. The idea is that the urbanonym ‘Art(a)’ and the name of the country Artania both have a Turkic-Bulgarian origin and the real basis ‘Art’ (“back”; “backside”; “north”, etc.), being the equivalent of the ancient name of northeastern Russia - Zales’e, which had not only a geographical, but political dimension.

PRODUCTIVE SUFFXES - [ets], - [nik] and - [ik] OF NOUNS WITH THE MEANING OF A PERSON INDICATING PERSONAL AND ETHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON IN RUSSIAN, AND WAYS OF EXPRESSING THEM IN PERSIAN

This article discusses the productive suffixes - ец [ets], - ник [nik] и - ик [ik], when joined to nouns with the meaning of a person, indicating the personal and ethical characteristics of a person in Russian, and further discusses their equivalents in Persian. After examining several authoritative sources, we came to the conclusion that these three suffixes are highly productive. Then, using the comparative-analytical method, based on the given examples, we discovered similarities and differences between such nouns in Russian and Persian.

VOCABULARY OF YAMSKOY [COACHMAN’s] AND IZVOZNY [CABMAN’s] CARRIER’S TRADE: HISTORICO-DERIVIATIONAL ASPECT

Based on the material from the Russian commercial written records of the XVI-XVII centuries, this article examines semantic and derivational features of the vocabulary of the yamskoy [coachman’s] and izvoznyi [cabman’s] carrier’s trade. In terms of content, the words of these two professional spheres have much in common since the main occupation of yamshchiki [coachmen] and izvozchiki [cabmen] was transportation of people or goods by horse; here are used the names of characters, vehicles, travel modes, types of transported objects. The history of fixing of the words yamshchik [coachman] and izvozchik [cabman] in the Russian language reflects the universal pattern of changing the names of persons ending in -nik by the nouns ending in -shchik /chik ( yamnik - yamshchik [coachman], izvoznik - izvozchik [cabman]). At the same time, the categorical difference in the original names that were at the beginning of the word-formation chains caused a difference in the semantic development of the names of doers: in one case, this is a spatial nomination of yama [Russian word for a ‘pit’] denoting a "station on the road" (> yamchi, yamskoy > yamshchik [coachman]); in another one it is a designation of a movement in space izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry’] (> izvoz > izvozchik [cabman]). In this regard, the names of persons right from the beginning differed in their conceptual representations of the doers: yamshchik [coachman] is the one who moves along the road, and izvozchik [cabman] is the one who “carries” something both on land and on water (like a carrier). Different communicative spheres of yamskoy [coachman’s] (gonny [riding fast] ) and izvozny [cabman’s] carrier’s trade gave birth to specific names of transportation: gon’ba [fast ride] and izvoz [carriage], which had clear internal forms: the first one was motivated by the verb gonyati [Russian obsolete word for ‘to ride fast", and the second one - by the verb izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry outwards’] (cargo, goods).