О конъюнктивном употреблении разделительных союзов (на материале польского и русского языков)

The author considers the problem of conjunctive use of disjunctive conjunctions in the perspective of functional grammar. In the first part of the article, the author verifies the logical approach to conjunctions, especially disjunctive conjunctions. The linguistic meaning of a conjunction is defined as information on the credibility or applicability of a (semantically) compound sentence under condition [10, 01], which means an alternative participation of referents in the described situation. In the following chapters, the author analyzes several language facts, namely sentences that contain a disjunctive relationship and which nevertheless express the general meaning of conjunction. The author explains these phenomena by the fact that in such sentences there are the types of configurations of conjunction with the exponents of other semantic categories: quantification and modality.

Formation of Syntactic Connection in Modern German Applied Constructions

Annotation: The article analyzes the problems of formation of syntactic connections in applied constructions in modern fiction. The author tried to justify the need to separate the applied phenomenon as a separate type of syntactic connection with specific structural and semantic features. Applied phenomenon is expressed by a stylistic style that allows one or another piece of information in a sentence to be activated and is a type of syntactic connection in the modern syntactic system of the German language that requires more consistent and systematic study and description. Keywords: syntactic connection, applied phenomenon, applied construction, complex sentence, compound sentence.

Balinese sentences

The syntactic subsystem discusses the arrangement and arrangement of words into larger units, which are called syntactic units, namely words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourses. This study talks about Balinese sentences, especially about single sentences and compound sentences in Balinese. A single sentence is a sentence that has only one pattern (clause), which consists of a subject and a predicate. A compound sentence is a combination of two or more single sentences, so that the new sentence contains two or more clauses.

The Multidimensional Battery of Prosody Perception (MBOPP)

Prosody can be defined as the rhythm and intonation patterns spanning words, phrases and sentences. Accurate perception of prosody is an important component of many aspects of language processing, such as parsing grammatical structures, recognizing words, and determining where emphasis may be placed. Prosody perception is important for language acquisition and can be impaired in language-related developmental disorders. However, existing assessments of prosodic perception suffer from some shortcomings. These include being unsuitable for use with typically developing adults due to ceiling effects and failing to allow the investigator to distinguish the unique contributions of individual acoustic features such as pitch and temporal cues. Here we present the Multi-Dimensional Battery of Prosody Perception (MBOPP), a novel tool for the assessment of prosody perception. It consists of two subtests: Linguistic Focus, which measures the ability to hear emphasis or sentential stress, and Phrase Boundaries, which measures the ability to hear where in a compound sentence one phrase ends, and another begins. Perception of individual acoustic dimensions (Pitch and Duration) can be examined separately, and test difficulty can be precisely calibrated by the experimenter because stimuli were created using a continuous voice morph space. We present validation analyses from a sample of 59 individuals and discuss how the battery might be deployed to examine perception of prosody in various populations.

Sentence and the compound sentencein Julius Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose

The aim of this paper is to explore the use of the sentence and the compound sentence in the literary works of the Czech poet Julius Zeyer (1841–1901). Specifically, we intend to make a quantitative identification of congruencies and parallels, typical of the syntactic structure of Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose, as evidenced by a detailed analysis of particular stylistic devices used in the selected representative texts. The aim of this paper is to corroborate, or possibly to exclude, the impact of the selected narrative means of expression on the stylistic and compositional variances of the text, which is facilitated by paying full attention to one aspect of Zeyer’s authorial style, namely, the quantitative variation of sentences and compound sentences.

THE ROLE OF İNTONATİON İN THE CONNECTİON OF COMPOUND SENTENCE COMPONENTS İN AZERBAİJANİ FOLKLORE MATERİALS

The article deals with intonation as a means, which in Azerbaijani folklore materials plays an important role in the interconnection of the components of a complex sentence.It was noted that in folklore materials intonation is one of the main means that ensure the interconnection of the components of a complex sentence, and also provides a variety, ease, compactness and emotionality of speech.

THE ROLE OF İNTONATİON İN THE CONNECTİON OF COMPOUND SENTENCE COMPONENTS İN AZERBAİJANİ FOLKLORE MATERİALS

The article discusses the role of intonation as a means of connecting the components of compound sentence structures in Azerbaijani folklore materials. Folklore materials are examples of oral language that reflects the national culture of our nation. These oral language patterns are expressed by different sentence structures. One of the sentence structures expressing the essence and content of our folklore is compound sentence structures. Compound sentences are a syntactic unit formed by the semantic and grammatical combination of sentences with equal rights. Since compound sentence structures in folklore materials are oral language material, its components are more associated with intonation. Intonation is related to the sentence and is the action of the sound in the sentence. In the process of speech, intonation is widely used in the expression of various feelings of joy, sorrow, anger, supplication, joy, etc. Intonation also serves to clarify the purpose of utterance in compound sentences. Thus, the components of this sentence are mostly pronounced with the same type of narration, or question, or command, or emotionally intonation. Due to the structural features and the nature of the intonation, there are connections of meaning, connection, cause and effect, clarification, comparison, distribution between the components of compound sentences. Most of the components of compound sentences without this meaning are connected to each other through intonation. In addition to connect the intonation components in compound sentences in folklore materials, it also serves as an artistic means of decorating their sound and has an important stylistic role, providing easy, concise and emotional expression of thought with colorful colors.

RELASI MAKNA ANTARKLAUSA DALAM KALIMAT MAJEMUK BAHASA TONYOOI RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MEANING OF INTERKLAUSA IN A ADVANCED SENTENCE TONYOOI LANGUAGE

AbstrakKajian terhadap bahasa Tonyooi sampai saat ini masih tergolong minim, khususnya kajian mikrolinguistiknya. Pada tataran sintaksis, termasuk di dalamnya relasi makna antarklausa belum banyak disentuh oleh para peneliti dan pemerhati bahasa Tonyooi. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini akan mengkaji atau mendeskripsikan relasi makna antarklausa dalam kalimat majemuk bahasa Tonyooi. Kajian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sumber data berasal dari wacana tulis dan lisan yang menggunakan kalimat majemuk. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode dokumentasi (studi pustaka) dan wawancara dengan teknik simak dan catat. Sementara itu, teknik analisis data yang digunakan, yaitu teknik analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, diperoleh beberapa simpulan, yaitu Berdasarkan relasi antarklausanya, kalimat majemuk bahasa Tonyooi dibedakan atas kalimat majemuk setara dan kalimat majemuk bertingkat. Dalam kalimat majemuk setara ditemukan tiga relasi makna, yaitu makna penjumlahan, pemilihan, dan pertentangan. Sementara itu, dalam kalimat majemuk bertingkat setidaknya memiliki sepuluh relasi makna antarklausa, yaitu makna kesyaratan, tujuan, penyebaban, hasil atau akibat, perbandingan, sangkalan, cara, alat, kewaktuan, dan atributif. Konjungtor yang digunakan untuk menjalin hubungan antarklausa cukup variatif. Namun, jumlahnya tidak sebanyak dalam bahasa Melayu Kutai ataupun dalam bahasa Indonesia.Kata kunci: relasi makna, klausa, kalimat majemuk, bahasa Tonyooi AbstractThe study of the Tonyooi language is still relatively minimal, especially its microlinguistic studies. At the syntactic level, including the meaning relation between clauses, has not been touched by many researchers and observers of the Tonyooi language. Therefore, this paper will examine or describe the meaning relations between clauses in compound sentences in Tonyooi. This study uses a descriptive method. Sources of data come from written and oral discourses that use compound sentences. The data was collected using the documentation method (literature study) and interviews with the observation and note-taking technique. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis technique. Based on the results of the study, several conclusions were obtained, namely based on the relation between the clauses, the Tonyooi language compound sentences are differentiated into equivalent compound sentences and multilevel compound sentences. In an equivalent compound sentence, three meaning relations are found, namely the meaning of addition, selection, and contradiction. Meanwhile, in multilevel compound sentences there are at least ten interlausal meaning relations, namely the meaning of requirements, goals, causes, results or consequences, comparisons, denials, means, tools, timing, and attributes. The conjunctor used to establish the relationship between clauses is quite varied. However, the numbers are not as high as in Kutai Malay or in Indonesian.Key words: meaning relation, clause, compound sentence, Tonyooi language

Syntactic parallelism and the co-production of syntactic units in Mandarin Chinese

Cross-linguistic studies on co-production of syntactic units and compound sentence formats have found that the location of predicates affects the projectability of the language, in that languages like English allow early projections while languages like Japanese later projections. In Mandarin Chinese, we found that syntactic parallelism often occurs before co-constructions, impacting the projectability of syntactic structures in one way or another. Based on the theories of dialogic syntax (Du Bois 2007, 2014) and the principles of interactional linguistics, this study explores the relationship between syntactic parallelism and co-production of syntactic structures across turns. The co-production of four syntactic and sentential structures were closely examined, namely, Copula V + Complement, (be) Adjectival Predicate, the conditional IF X THEN Y construction (如果 ruguo……就/会 jiu/hui…), and compound sentences with to-clause of purpose. Also observed is the emergent new sequence as interactionally relevant syntax. Upon inspection, we found that turn units with parallel syntactic structures may help narrow down the category of the projected final component, thus inspiring the second speaker to come in early and jointly complete the syntax-in-progress. Apart from co-producing syntax-in-progress, co-produced structures can also develop into interactionally relevant sequences with independent internal structures, thereby executing new social actions.

DOCUMENT “CHARTER” AS A GENRE OF OFFICIAL STYLE

The study of the styles and genres of the literary language, as well as their features, is an integral part of modern philology. A vast deal of researches is devoted to such styles as literary, scientific and publicistic. The literary style and its genres has particular place in linguistic. However, in connection with the latest events that are taking place in the world, international documents are gaining more and more importance. It is the genres of this style which surround us in everyday life: laws, codes, orders, announcements, manuals and others. Also, all international documents and agreements are written in an official style. These documents are regulator of relations between countries. This article describes the classification of the styles of the literary language and their genres. And also, this article is devoted to the study of one international document, namely the "charter". There are many classifications of styles in the Ukrainian literary language. Each researcher categorizes and names them differently, but still, there are five main functional styles, such as scientific, official, publicistic, informal, literary. Official style is a functional style of literary language. "Charters" are international documents of official style. They have different stylistic, lexical and grammatical characteristics. In "charters " neutral vocabulary is used and words are used in the literal sense. For these documents extended sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence are characterized. A perspective for further research is a comparative analysis of the lexical, grammatical and semantic features of the "charter" in different languages.