Current status and future prospects in biotic stress management in rice

Insect pests and diseases are the major biotic constraints in rice production. According to the ecosystem, the incidence of insect pests and diseases vary. The degree of loss due to different biotic stresses differ widely depending upon the predominant factors of abundance of these pests in a particular year, season or locality. Though around 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major pest status. Farmers bear an estimated average of 37% losses in rice crop due to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on status of insect pests and diseases, extent of losses, different tools used in pest monitoring and management in rice. Among the important pest management tools used in rice pest and diseases management are forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, light trap, hyper-spectral remote sensing, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).

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Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2019.56.spl.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (Special) ◽

pp. 143-155

Author(s):

SD Mohapatra ◽

R Tripathi ◽

Anjani Kumar ◽

Suchismita Kar ◽

Minati Mohapatra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Insect Species ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Pest Damage ◽

Disruptive Technologies ◽

Hyper Spectral ◽

Rice Pest ◽

Computer Based

The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by these species varies greatly from field to field and from year to year. Insect pests cause about 10-15 per cent yield losses. Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on precision farming tools being used in rice pest and diseases management viz., forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, hyper-spectral remote sensing in pest damage assessment, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).

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Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2019.56.s.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. 143-155

Author(s):

SD Mohapatra ◽

R Tripathi ◽

Anjani Kumar ◽

Suchismita Kar ◽

Minati Mohapatra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Insect Species ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Pest Damage ◽

Disruptive Technologies ◽

Hyper Spectral ◽

Rice Pest ◽

Computer Based

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Nanopesticides: Current status and scope for their application in agriculture

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/102/2020-pps ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jayant Yadav ◽

Poonam Jasrotia ◽

Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj ◽

Prem Lal Kashyap ◽

Sudheer Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Food Systems ◽

Insect Pests ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Current Status ◽

Human Beings ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Volume Property

Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field that has the potential to revolutionise food systems and counter the present-day challenge of food security. It envisages taking agriculture from the era of indiscriminate natural resource use and environmental degradation to the brave new world of advanced systems with enhanced material use efficiency and targeted applications to reduce crop losses caused due to abiotic-biotic stresses as well as to give due considerations to the environment. To manage plant diseases and insect pests, pesticides are inevitably used in agriculture. However, the higher dosage of these chemicals on a per hectare basis has resulted in many environmental and health hazards. To tackle the conventional pesticide related issues, a new field of science called nanotechnology has led to the development of nanopesticides that have less active ingredients, but better efficiency. The nanopesticides contain the carrier molecule or the active nanosized ingredient with a very high surface area to the volume property that provides them unique exploitable-advantages. Several formulations, viz., nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanogels, metal compound-based nanopesticides, have been developed for different modes of action and vivid applications. The biggest advantage comes due to the small size of the particles that help in properly spreading the ingredients on the pest surface and, thus, producing a better action than conventional pesticides. The use of nanoparticles in the form of nanopesticides, nanofertilisers, and nano delivery systems is on the increase day by day due to their higher efficiency and reduced dosage requirements. However, human beings and other organisms are also getting exposed to the nano-entities during the application or afterwards. The interactions of these engineered nano-entities with biological systems are relatively unknown thus far. Therefore, before their wider usage in crop production and protection, a better understanding of their interactions, and adverse effects, if any, is also crucial for a sustainable transition.

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Yield enhancement of chilli through integrated crop management in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka, India

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v7i2.705 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 907-909

Author(s):

Raju Raju ◽

G. Teggelli ◽

Siddappa Siddappa ◽

Zaheer Ahamad ◽

Anand Naik

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Crop Management ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Yield Enhancement ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Integrated Crop Management ◽

Farmer Practices

One of the major reasons of low productivity in chilli is the lack of technical knowledge of the farmers about judicious and timely implementation of the management strategies against the major biotic stresses (insect pests and diseases) which ultimately reduce its return. Considering the integrated crop management on need based plant protection in vegetables was conducted in farmer’s fields at different villages of the Kalaburagi district, under northern part of Karnataka, during the period from 2011-12 to 2013-14 show the productivity potential and profitability of improved technologies. The results showed that, on an average the highest yield achieved by adopting integrated crop management was 260.17 quintals ha-1, whereas the corresponding yield ranged under farmer’s practices was to 235.243 quintals ha-1 of green chillies. Adoption of integrated crop management will increase the yield 10.56% over farmer practices. The average technological gap, extension gap and technological index were noticed 139.83 quintals ha-1, 24.92 quintals ha-1 and 34.95 % respectively. The economics of data indicated that an average of Rs. 1,64,500 ha-1 was recorded net profit under recommended practices while it was Rs 129976.7 ha-1 under farmer practices. Cost benefit ratio was 3.07 under demonstration, while it was 2.35 under farmer practices. Practicing of integrated crop management with improved technologies will improve the farmer socio-economical level.

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Potential Sources of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Resistance in Desert Watermelon (Citrullus colocynthis) Germplasm

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.1.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 13-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John L. Coffey ◽

Alvin M. Simmons ◽

B. Merle Shepard ◽

Yaakov Tadmor ◽

Amnon Levi

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Citrullus Colocynthis ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Important Pest ◽

Selected Subset ◽

Choice Assay ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

High Level

Selection for and incorporation of host plant resistance into cultivars is a fundamental strategy to control insects and diseases and may help reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is an important pest of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsum. and Nakai var. lanatus] and is among the most damaging pests in many agricultural systems worldwide. Citrullus colocynthis L., a perennial melon species indigenous to arid regions of northern Africa, the Mediterranean region, and southwestern Asia, is a valuable source of resistance to insect pests and diseases of watermelon. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate selected C. colocynthis genotypes for sources of resistance to B. tabaci. Thirty genotypes of C. colocynthis, collected in different geographic regions, were evaluated against the heirloom cultivar Calhoun Gray using first a horizontal Y-tube olfactometer in the laboratory. A selected subset of the genotypes was evaluated in a second experiment in the laboratory using a vertical monitoring assay. In this assay, whiteflies could freely move upward to feed and oviposit on leaves placed in the upper portion of a Y-tube. In a third experiment, a choice assay was conducted on selected genotypes in cages in the greenhouse. Of the 30 C. colocynthis genotypes evaluated, PI 346082 (collected in Afghanistan) exhibited the highest level of resistance against B. tabaci based on all three experiments. PI 537277 (collected in Pakistan) exhibited a significantly high level of whitefly resistance based on low survival of adult whiteflies and a low ratio of nymphs to eggs. PI 346082 and PI 537277 should be a useful source for breeding projects aiming to improve whitefly resistance in watermelon cultivars.

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Keefektifan tiga jenis perangkap serangga untuk deteksi serangga hama gudang yang menyerang bungkil kopra

Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia ◽

10.5994/jei.17.1.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Diana Budiman ◽

Dadang Dadang ◽

Idham Sakti Harahap

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiment ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Block Design ◽

Light Trap ◽

Pitfall Trap ◽

Insect Species ◽

Copra Meal ◽

Uv Led ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Storage Facilities

Stored product insect can cause consumer rejection and economic loss due to quality concerns and phytosanitary regulation. Insect traps have been regularly used as a control method, however its effectiveness on controlling stored copra meal insect pests is not yet known.This study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of three types of insect traps for detection of insect pests of copra meal.The three types of insect traps were pitfall trap, probe trap, and ultraviolet (UV) light trap (blacklight and LED-light emiting diodes). Research was conducted at Laboratory of Entomology SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor and two storage facilities of copra meal in North Sulawesi. Laboratory experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with two factors and four replications. The first factor was the types of insect traps (pitfall trap, probe trap, and probe trap with UV LED) and the second factor was insect species (Lasioderma serricorne (Herbst) and Tribolium castaneum (Fabricius)). The experiment at storage facilities was conducted with nested block design where the insect species trapped were nested in the insect traps. The result of laboratory experiment showed that the probe trap captured more insects (30.4%) significantly higher than pitfall trap (17.1%), however there was no significant difference of number of insects trapped in probe trap with and without UV LED. In addition the probe trap captured more T. castaneum and Tenebroides mauritanicus than other type of insects trap, but probe trap with UV LED was more effective to detect L. serricorne and Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius) in the stored copra meal.

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SOLAR HEATING REDUCES INSECT INFESTATIONS IN RIPENING AND DRYING FIGS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1354b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1354b-1354

Author(s):

Louise Ferguson ◽

Harry Shorey ◽

David L. Wood

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Insect Infestation ◽

Direct Sunlight ◽

Management Tools ◽

North Side ◽

Insect Infestations ◽

Important Pest ◽

Nitidulid Beetles

Several experimental procedures were used to evaluate the influence of solar radiation on insect infestations in Calimyma and Adriatic variety figs (Ficus carica L.). Direct sunlight eliminated infesting insects and prevented further infestation of ripe figs drying on the ground for at least 10 days. Placement in the shade resulted in 12% insect infestation in figs within 3 days. Figs that fell naturally into sunlit areas contained almost no insects, whereas 31% of figs that fell into dense shade were infested. While ripening figs were still attached to trees, the level of insect infestation was 50% higher on the shady north side than the sunny south south side. The insect pests most frequently encountered in these experiments were nitidulid beetles and their larvae. Disease incidence was not affected by degree of exposure. We propose that cultural techniques to maximize exposure of ripening and drying figs to solar radiation could be developed as important pest management tools.

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Transgenic technologies for enhanced molecular breeding of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp12184 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 26 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. W. Forster ◽

S. Panter ◽

A. Mouradov ◽

J. Mason ◽

G. C. Spangenberg

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Molecular Breeding ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Current Status ◽

Aluminium Tolerance ◽

Transgenic Technology ◽

Environmental Benefit ◽

Pasture Grass ◽

Transgenic Technologies

White clover is an important pasture legume of temperate regions, generally through co-cultivation with a pasture grass in a mixed-sward setting. White clover provides herbage with high nutritional quality to grazing animals, along with the environmental benefit of biological nitrogen fixation. Several key agronomic traits are amenable to modification in white clover through use of transgenic technology. Efficient methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of white clover have been developed. The current status of transgenic research is reviewed for the following traits: resistance to viruses and insect pests; aluminium tolerance and phosphorus acquisition efficiency; control of leaf senescence and seed yield; biosynthesis of flavonoids and rumen bypass proteins for bloat safety and enhanced ruminant nutrition; cyanogenesis; and drought tolerance. Future prospects for transgenic technology in molecular breeding in white clover are also discussed.

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