scholarly journals Nanopesticides: Current status and scope for their application in agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayant Yadav ◽  
Poonam Jasrotia ◽  
Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj ◽  
Prem Lal Kashyap ◽  
Sudheer Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Volume Property

 Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field that has the potential to revolutionise food systems and counter the present-day challenge of food security. It envisages taking agriculture from the era of indiscriminate natural resource use and environmental degradation to the brave new world of advanced systems with enhanced material use efficiency and targeted applications to reduce crop losses caused due to abiotic-biotic stresses as well as to give due considerations to the environment. To manage plant diseases and insect pests, pesticides are inevitably used in agriculture. However, the higher dosage of these chemicals on a per hectare basis has resulted in many environmental and health hazards. To tackle the conventional pesticide related issues, a new field of science called nanotechnology has led to the development of nanopesticides that have less active ingredients, but better efficiency. The nanopesticides contain the carrier molecule or the active nanosized ingredient with a very high surface area to the volume property that provides them unique exploitable-advantages. Several formulations, viz., nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanogels, metal compound-based nanopesticides, have been developed for different modes of action and vivid applications. The biggest advantage comes due to the small size of the particles that help in properly spreading the ingredients on the pest surface and, thus, producing a better action than conventional pesticides. The use of nanoparticles in the form of nanopesticides, nanofertilisers, and nano delivery systems is on the increase day by day due to their higher efficiency and reduced dosage requirements. However, human beings and other organisms are also getting exposed to the nano-entities during the application or afterwards. The interactions of these engineered nano-entities with biological systems are relatively unknown thus far. Therefore, before their wider usage in crop production and protection, a better understanding of their interactions, and adverse effects, if any, is also crucial for a sustainable transition.  

A Rule-Based Expert System for Pest Control in Maize Plant.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalami Baseerat Adebola ◽  
Akinsanya Barakat Jayeola
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maize Plant ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Rule Based

Maize crop (Zea Mays), also known as corn, is the most widely cultivated plant and popular cereal grains in Nigeria that had found its usage in every home either as food for human beings or feed for animals, and importantly, raw material for food processing industries. It grows across a range of agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. The incidence of crop pest had been one of the major challenges faced by the farmers, resulting in low yield of crop production, both in quality and quantity. Another major challenge is that majority of farmers lack key knowledge in identifying plant diseases. Awkwardly, such knowledge typically resides within a few experts and is not easily accessible to farmers. Farmers initially necessitate to useful advices for diagnosing the various pests and diseases confronting the crops, before being able to implement a suitable treatment or control measures. To make this knowledge more widely available, a rule-based Expert System (ES) was designed and implemented in this paper. The ES comprises of a diagnosis system that detects pest in maize plant; an information system that gives facts about maize and pests, with their control measures; and finally an expert advice on maize plant cultivation. To make the system more user-friendly, an image database was integrated with it. The system was developed using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP and Bootstrap. The application can supply information on 17 pests that affect maize plant in Nigeria, and their respective treatments.

Current status and future prospects in biotic stress management in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (Special) ◽  
pp. 168-193
Author(s):  
SD Mohapatra ◽  
Amrita Banerjee ◽  
RK Senapati ◽  
G Prasanthi ◽  
Minati Mohapatra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Important Pest

Insect pests and diseases are the major biotic constraints in rice production. According to the ecosystem, the incidence of insect pests and diseases vary. The degree of loss due to different biotic stresses differ widely depending upon the predominant factors of abundance of these pests in a particular year, season or locality. Though around 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major pest status. Farmers bear an estimated average of 37% losses in rice crop due to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on status of insect pests and diseases, extent of losses, different tools used in pest monitoring and management in rice. Among the important pest management tools used in rice pest and diseases management are forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, light trap, hyper-spectral remote sensing, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).

scholarly journals Current status of plant pathogens of agricultural importance for Colombia. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Miguel Marques Monteiro Amaro ◽  
Jonathan Cope ◽  
Bárbara Franco-Orozco
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Food And Agriculture

Plant disease still plays a major role in limiting agricultural production worldwide. Pathogens and pests reduce crop yield and can cause large reductions in crop quality. Colombia is no exception as it contends with many devastating pathogens that present a major threat to the country’s agricultural sector. This review is important because it highlights four of the more damaging pathogens that affect the economics of important crops in Colombia - Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Phytophthora palmivora, and Hemileia vastatrix. This paper was based on an extensive literature search for plant diseases in Colombia in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Moreover, this search was complemented with research on crop production in the country in databases made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The four pathogens reviewed in this paper were chosen not only because of their current devastating effects on Colombia’s agricultural production but also because of their potential to cause further damage in the near future. Understanding the current situation of these crop pathogens in Colombia is imperative for state directives aimed at developing informed and efficient control strategies.

Applications and perspectives of using nanomaterials for sustainable plant nutrition

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allah Ditta ◽  
Muhammad Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainable Crop Production ◽  
Future Demands

AbstractNanotechnology opens a large scope of novel applications in the fields of plant nutrition needed to meet the future demands of the growing population because nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties, i.e. high surface area, high reactivity, tunable pore size, and particle morphology. Management of optimum nutrients for sustainable crop production is a priority-based area of research in agriculture. In this regard, nanonutrition has proved to be the most interesting area of research and concerns with the provision of nano-sized nutrients for sustainable crop production. Using this technology, we can increase the efficiency of micro- as well as macronutrients of plants. In the literature, various NPs and nanomaterials (NMs) have been successfully used for better nutrition of crop plants compared to the conventional fertilizers. This review summarizes these NPs and NMs into macro-, micro-, and nanocarrier-based fertilizers and plant-growth-enhancing NPs with unclear mechanisms, describing their role in improving growth and yield of crops, concentration/rate of application, particle size, mechanism of action if known, toxic effects if any, and research gaps in the present research. Moreover, future research directions for achieving sustainable agriculture are also discussed in the appropriate section and at the end in the concluding remarks section.

scholarly journals Use of Different Natural Products to Control Growth of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles in Green Solvent Emulsion, Characterization, and Their Photocatalytic Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Eneyew Tilahun Bekele ◽  
Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa ◽  
Fedlu Kedir Sabir
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Tio2 Nps ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles

Water, one of the crucial and the pillar resources to every living thing, could be polluted day to day by different causes such as expansion in industrialization, rapid increment in population size, the threat of climate, and growth of urbanization. The existence of a number of organic dyes, detergents, and pesticides from industrial effluents could lead to severe diseases and even to the death of human beings. Currently, remediation of those hazardous organic contaminants using semiconductor metal oxide catalysts has received extensive attention in recent years. Among the numerous nanometal oxides, titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been well known as a significant photocatalytic material due to their suitable physiochemical behaviors such as stability, conductivity, high surface area to volume ratio, structure, and porosity nature at the nanoscale level. TiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles could be synthesized via several physiochemical approaches; among those, the biogenic technique is the most selective one which involves the synthesis of NPs using different templates. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly protocol that involves the use of different parts and types of biogenic sources such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, virus, and green plants or the byproducts of their metabolism, which act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. TiO2 NPs obtained via the biogenic method provide a potential application for the degradation of organic dyes and other pollutants in wastewater. This method of synthesis of NPs has been given a great attention by researchers due to their nontoxicity, low cost, environmental friendliness, the usage of green solvents, and simplicity of the process. This review focuses on summarizing the synthesis of TiO2 NPs using various biogenic sources, characterization, and their photocatalytic applications for the degradation of different wastes and organic dyes from polluted water.

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Energy and Crop Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toufiq Reza ◽  
Janet Andert ◽  
Benjamin Wirth ◽  
Daniela Busch ◽  
Judith Pielert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Carbon Nanospheres ◽  
Thermochemical Pretreatment ◽  
Hot Compressed Water

AbstractHydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical pretreatment process where biomass is treated under hot compressed water to produce hydrochar. Hydrochar is a stable, hydrophobic, friable solid product, which has a fuel value similar to that of lignite coal. Among its other advantages, its capability to handle wet feed makes the HTC process most attractive. The complex reaction chemistry of HTC offers a huge potential for producing a variety of products, from fuel to supercapacitors, from carbon nanospheres to low cost adsorbents, from fertilizers to soil amenders. Hydrochar opens possibilities for replacing coal in existing coal-power plants. Its high surface area and adsorption characteristics make it compatible for use in supercapacitors. Hydrochar also contains high amounts of stable carbon and other nutrients, which are essential for soil amendment. Moreover, the HTC process liquid, especially if a short retention time is used, contains potentially toxic substances like phenols, furfurals, and their derivatives, which open opportunities for anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. This review paper gives an overview of the HTC process parameters, reactions, and the use of hydrochar for energy and crop production

Nanomaterials in Food Packaging

2021 ◽  
pp. 270-287
Author(s):  
Nairah Noor ◽  
Asima Shah ◽  
Adil Gani ◽  
Zanoor Ul Ashraf ◽  
F. A. Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Stability

Nano-materials hold great promise regarding their application in the food industry due to their size-dependent properties, high surface area, longer retention, easy absorption, and unique optical properties. The role of nanomaterials have been extended for increasing the stability and bioavailability of nutrients, encapsulation of flavors, bioactives, enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of food packaging (nanocomposites), pesticide and growth hormone delivery, antimicrobial agents to boost preservation of foodstuffs, detection of foodborne pathogens, biodegradable nano-sensors for monitoring of temperature and moisture, etc. There are various types of nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, and nano-clays which are synthesized by several methods to be used in the food industry. However, there is some food safety concerns associated with these nanomaterials when used in food systems. It is, therefore, very necessary to formulate and develop some method for the detection of nanomaterials, in particular when used in-vivo.

scholarly journals Geo-Agriculture: Reviewing Opportunities through Which the Geosphere Can Help Address Emerging Crop Production Challenges

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Pratt ◽  
Kate Kingston ◽  
Bronwyn Laycock ◽  
Ian Levett ◽  
Steven Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Geological Materials

The agricultural sector faces looming challenges including dwindling fertiliser reserves, environmental impacts of conventional soil inputs, and increasingly difficult growing conditions wrought by climate change. Naturally-occurring rocks and minerals may help address these challenges. In this case, we explore opportunities through which the geosphere could support viable agricultural systems, primarily via a literature review supplemented by data analysis and preliminary-scale experimentation. Our objective is to focus on opportunities specifically relating to emerging agricultural challenges. Our findings reveal that a spectrum of common geological materials can assist across four key agricultural challenges: 1. Providing environmentally-sustainable fertiliser deposits especially for the two key elements in food production, nitrogen (via use of slow release N-rich clays), and phosphorus (via recovery of the biomineral struvite) as well as through development of formulations to tap into mineral nutrient reserves underlying croplands. 2. Reducing contamination from farms—using clays, zeolites, and hydroxides to intercept, and potentially recycle nutrients discharged from paddocks. 3. Embedding drought resilience into agricultural landscapes by increasing soil moisture retention (using high surface area minerals including zeolite and smectite), boosting plant availability of drought protective elements (using basalts, smectites, and zeolites), and decreasing soil surface temperature (using reflective smectites, zeolites, and pumices), and 4. mitigating emissions of all three major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide (using fast-weathering basalts), methane (using iron oxides), and nitrous oxide (using nitrogen-sorbing clays). Drawbacks of increased geological inputs into agricultural systems include an increased mining footprint, potential increased loads of suspended sediments in high-rainfall catchments, changes to geo-ecological balances, and possible harmful health effects to practitioners extracting and land-applying the geological materials. Our review highlights potential for ‘geo-agriculture’ approaches to not only help meet several key emerging challenges that threaten sustainable food and fiber production, but also to contribute to achieving some of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals—‘Zero Hunger,’ ‘Life on Land,’ and ‘Climate Action.’

scholarly journals Potential of MXenes in Water Desalination: Current Status and Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsanullah Ihsanullah
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Future ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMXenes, novel 2D transition metal carbides, have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications. The tremendous characteristics of MXenes, i.e., high surface area, high metallic conductivity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, activated metallic hydroxide sites, and hydrophilicity, make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensors, electronics, and environmental remediation. Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions, MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times. It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future. This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination. The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes, capacitive deionization, and solar desalination. The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process. The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted. Lastly, research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way. This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.

scholarly journals Early Detection and Elimination of Underground Pests using IOT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Human Eyes

Agriculture is the backbone of our nation. Our country’s growth is highly dependent on the growth of agriculture. Hence, it is mandatory that we need to identify and incorporate new technologies and solutions to protect and improvise problems faced in cultivation by the agriculturalists. In agricultural sector one of the major reasons of losses are due to pests and plant diseases. The harm and impairment caused by insect pests is one of the fundamental factors affecting the crop production. Pests and insects can have adverse effect on agricultural production in turn affecting market access, natural environment, and our lifestyle. The objective of this work is focused on detecting and eliminating the underground worms that causes damage to the crops. An unmanned embedded system is proposed that automatically detects the existence of underground worms in the soil that are not visible to human eyes. This system helps in identifying the existence of worms in the soil using a thermocouple device and eradicates them by instantiating the pesticide on them.

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