Fermented rye with Agaricus subrufescens and mannan-rich hydrolysate based feed additive to modulate post-weaning piglet immune response

Background The process of weaning in piglets is often associated with an increased inflammation response in the intestine and compromised intestinal integrity and morphology, favoring a delay in intestinal maturation and a predisposal to diseases. Research has shown the potential of different nutritional strategies to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with the main goal to manipulate health and performance of pigs. Promising examples of nutritional strategies are fungal fermented products and their derivatives which are described to contain several compounds that may play a role in gastrointestinal health and pathogenic bacteria control. Products from Agaricus subrufescens mushroom are reported to contain prophylactic and therapeutic properties including antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Results This study analysed the post-weaning immune status in intestinal tissue and blood of piglets, with the objective to evaluate the gastrointestinal health and immune modulation response induced by a blend of mannan-rich hydrolyzed copra meal and fermented rye with A. subrufescens. Intestinal histomorphology demonstrated a villus height reduction in jejunum and increase in ileum on day 15, while increased villous height in jejunum and ileum on day 30. The results showed that in post-weaning piglets, the feed additive stimulates an immunomodulation effect most evident at 15 days post-weaning, with significant lower expression of cytokines Interferon (IFN) γ, Interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β in jejunum, accompanied with an increase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cytokine gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35 (IL-12α), IL-12p40 (IL-12β), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α, IFN-α, and TGF-β. In piglets fed the feed additive, the quantity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) A producing cells in jejunum, ileum was reduced on day 15 and 30 post-weaning, and on day 30 and 45 post-weaning in colon tissue. Natural Killer (NK) cells count in blood were increased on day 15 post-weaning in the piglets fed the feed additive. Conclusion This study implies the potential of the blend including mannan-rich hydrolyzed copra meal and fermented rye with A. subrufescens on immune modulation in the intestine of post-weaning piglets.

Estimation rumen degradable protein of local feeds in dairy cattle using in sacco method

There is a lack of nutrition information on local feeds protein in Indonesia, especially to determine protein fraction of dairy feed. The objective of this study was to determine rumen degradable protein (RDP) of local feeds in dairy cattle using in sacco method. The local feeds are copra meal, palm kernel meal, coffee husk, tofu waste, soy-sauce waste, brewer waste, and habbatussauda waste. Two ruminal fistulated male Frisian Holstein were used to determine rumen degradable protein using in sacco method. The parameters observed include the estimated kinetic parameters, effective degradability (ED), and RDP. The parameters were evaluated with analysis of variance using SAS University software. The result showed that tofu waste and habbatussauda waste had high potential rapid degradation of CP following by brewer waste, palm kernel waste, soy-sauce waste, copra meal, and coffee husk. Habbatussauda waste had higher RDP followed by brewer waste, tofu waste, copra meal, palm kernel meal, soy-sauce waste, and coffee husk. There was a positive correlation between RDP and crude protein content, and a negative correlation between RDP and crude fiber. It is concluded that local feeds have various characteristics of quality feed protein, which is shown by rumen degradable protein and rumen undegradable protein.

Influence of Copra Meal in the Lambs Diet on In Vitro Ruminal Kinetics and Greenhouse Gases Production

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of copra meal (the waste coconut of the oil industry) on in vitro ruminal kinetic and greenhouse gases production and on in vivo lamb performance. Twenty-eight male Rambouillet sheep (initial body weight 24.5 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments: 0, 50, 100, and 150 g of copra meal/kg in their diet (dry matter basis). Final weight, weight gain, and feed intake were not affected (p > 0.05) by the copra meal addition. The gas production volume (V) decreased, and the gas production rate increased, in a linear trend (p < 0.05) as copra meal was added to the diet. In contrast, methane and CO2 production showed an opposite quadratic trend (p < 0.05), with the highest and lowest values reported at 100 g/kg DM of copra meal, respectively. The addition of copra meal in the lambs’ diet decreases the volume of gas production and is a strategy to decrease methane and carbon dioxide production in feeding without affecting animal performance.

A randomized trial to evaluate the impact of copra meal hydrolysate on gastrointestinal symptoms and gut microbiome

The impact of copra meal hydrolysate (CMH) on gut health was assessed by conducting a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Sixty healthy adult participants, aged 18–40 years were assigned to daily consume 3 g of CMH, 5 g of CMH or placebo in the form of drink powder for 21 days. Consumption of CMH at 3 g/d improved defecating conditions by reducing stool size and also relieved flatulence and bloating symptoms. Fecal samples were collected serially at the baseline before treatment, after the treatment and after a 2-week washout period. The gut microbiomes were similar among the treatment groups, with microbial community changes observed within the groups. Intake of CMH at 3 g/d led to increase microbial diversity and richness. Reduction of the ratio between Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was observed, although it was not significantly different between the groups. The 3 g/d CMH treatment increased beneficial microbes in the group of fiber-degrading bacteria, especially human colonic Bacteroidetes, while induction of Bifidobacteriaceae was observed after the washout period. Intake of CMH led to increase lactic acid production, while 3 g/d supplement promoted the present of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in stool samples. The 3 g daily dose of CMH led to the potentially beneficial effects on gut health for healthy individuals.

Energy Parameters of Miscanthus Biomass Pellets Supplemented with Copra Meal in Terms of Energy Consumption during the Pressure Agglomeration Process

The process of pelleting miscanthus biomass often encounters issues related to the low durability of the obtained pellets and high energy inputs. To solve these issues, the use of copra meal as a supplement is proposed. This paper presents the results of research on energy parameters of miscanthus biomass pellets supplemented with copra meal in terms of energy consumption in the pressure agglomeration process. As part of this research, the energy parameters of miscanthus biomass, copra meal biomass, and their blends were characterized. Next, the raw materials were used for the production of pellets in the pressure agglomeration process. The investigations included proximate and ultimate analysis and estimation of heating values. Moreover, the total fat content, mechanical durability, kinetic strength, and bulk density were determined, and the energy consumption in the pelleting process was assessed. The results indicate that the energy consumption in the miscanthus biomass pelleting process can be substantially reduced by adding copra meal as a biocomponent. When the copra meal addition did not exceed 30%, the pellets exhibited over 95% durability, over 1200 kg∙m−3 density, and over 417 kg∙m−3 bulk density. Given the 44% reduction in energy consumption in the pellet production process and the energy efficiency of 4815 Wh·kg−1 determined in this study, copra meal may be an interesting material for use as an additive in the production of miscanthus biomass pellets.

PERUBAHAN KANDUNGAN ASAM FITAT DAN ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL BAHAN-BAHAN ORGANIK PAKAN YANG DIFERMENTASI RAGI TEMPE

Changes in the Contents of Phytic Acid and Essential Amino Acids of Animal Feed Organic Materials Fermented by Tempe Starter The contents of antinutrients and nutrients are important in the selection of feed ingredients, especially for monogastric animals. The aim of this study is to determine the change in the contents of antinutrient phytic acid and nutrient essential amino acid in selected organic materials. Nine organic ingredients of agro-industrial by-products, namely rice bran, coffee skin, cassava bagasse, corn, coconut dreg, soy bean meal, pollard, corn gluten feed (CGF), and copra meal were fermented in solid state using tempeh starter for 48 hours at 30°C. Dense mycelia overgrowing evenly on the top, bottom, and cross-sliced surfaces was observed on rice bran, maize and copra meal substrates. These 3 selected organic materials were then analysed for the content of phytic acid and essential amino acids. The results showed that the lowest decrease (75.80%) in phytic acid content occurred in maize, namely from 18.49 ± 0.41 mg g-1 (before fermentation) to 4.48 ± 0.19 mg g-1 (after fermentation). The highest increase (59%) of total essential amino acids occurred in copra meal, namely from 38,991.89 ± 447.12 mg kg-1 (before fermentation) to 61,816.56 ± 894.24 mg kg-1 (after fermentation). Kandungan antinutrisi dan nutrisi merupakan hal penting dalam pemilihan bahan pakan, terutama untuk hewan monogastrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kandungan antinutrisi asam fitat dan nutrisi asam amino esensial pada bahan organik tertentu yang terpilih. Sembilan bahan organik yang merupakan hasil samping agroindustri, yakni dedak padi, kulit kopi, onggok, jagung, ampas kelapa, bungkil kedelai (soy bean meal), dedak gandum (pollard), produk samping jagung corn gluten feed (CGF), dan bungkil kopra difermentasi padat menggunakan ragi tempe selama 48 jam pada suhu 30°C. Miselium yang tumbuh subur, padat, dan merata pada permukaan atas, bawah, dan irisan melintang teramati pada dedak padi, jagung, dan bungkil kopra. Tiga bahan organik terpilih ini kemudian dianalisa kandungan asam fitat dan asam amino esensialnya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penurunan terbesar (75,80%) kandungan asam fitat terjadi pada jagung, yakni dari 18,49 ± 0,41 mg g-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 4,48 ± 0,19 mg g-1 (setelah fermentasi). Peningkatan tertinggi (59%) asam amino esensial total terjadi pada bungkil kopra, yakni dari 38.991,89 ± 447,12 mg kg-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 61.816,56 ± 894,24 mg kg-1 (setelah fermentasi).