scholarly journals الإشارة والعبارة وأثـرها في تحديد المصطلحات الصوفية

Fenomena ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Nur Hadi Ihsan ◽  
Muhammad Ishommudin
Keyword(s):  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Intuitive Knowledge ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
Scientific Standard ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Way

This study will analyze the use of the 'al-Isyārah' and 'al-Ibārah' diction in the perspective Sufi expressions of Ibn Athāillah as-Sakandary, as well as analyzing the influence of the diction on the technical terms in the discipline of Sufism. The technical term used by Sufis in their books has been criticized by ulama from other disciplines, because Sufis use technical terms that are rarely used and seem strange. Sufis prefer a cryptic language called 'isyārah', but in some cases they also use a clear language commonly called'al-Ibārah'. Ibn Athāillah (d. 709 h) has an interesting description of this topic and places it proportionally. Both ‘isyārah’ and ‘ibārah’ are basically a form of method for expressing intuitive knowledge about the secrets of God. ' al-Ibārah' can be used if a Sufi does have certain capabilities. Also, it can be used as a form of education for the sālik. Apart from these two things, a Sufi can express it with 'al-Isyārah' and 'rumziyyah' or choose to store it as personal knowledge. The way this disclosure impacts the technical terms used. Sufis choose metaphorical or technical expressions that differ from philosophical, kalam or tasawuf traditions. Thus, despite using such expressions, their technical term does not come out of the scientific standard.

Watching Birds and People

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-176
Author(s):  
Mikael Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Good Working ◽  
Anthropological Field Work ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Way

This article explores ornithology as a hidden resource in anthropological field work. Relating experiences among the Penan forest nomads of Sarawak, Borneo, the author describes how his personal knowledge of bird life paved the way for good working relations, and even friendship, with the Penan. Representing two very different cultures simple communication between the scholar on duty and the Penan community was difficult indeed, but the birds provided a common ground that enabled the two parties to exchange experiences, knowledge and skills. In certain ways the author's fieldwork-based project relates to the Penan’s religious interpretation of birds, but the article is primarily concerned with the fact that a mutual understanding was created from this common ground, and that our thoughts on fieldwork preparations may be taken further by such experiences.

scholarly journals Introduction: The agents, acts and attitudes of supererogation

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Technical Terms

I confess to finding the term ‘supererogation’ ugly and unpronounceable. I am also generally suspicious of technical terms in moral philosophy, since they are vulnerable to self-serving definition and counter-definition, to the point of obscuring whether there is a single phenomenon about which to disagree. It was surely not accidental that J.O. Urmson, in his classic 1958 article that launched the contemporary Anglophone debate, eschewed the technical term in favour of the more familiar concepts of saints and heroes. Since then, however, the term Supererogation has bedded down to encompass a number of more or less clear-cut philosophical debates, one of which concerns precisely the extent to which saintliness and heroism exhaust the supererogatory. And it has to be admitted that the word ‘saint’ has certain theological connotations that might be misleading in a secular philosophical discussion (in this volume, only Wynn and Drummond-Young invoke theological ideas), while the word ‘hero’ has potentially limiting associations with knights and soldiers and other forms of testosterone-driven accomplishment.

Cosmology and Cosmic Order in Islamic Astronomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-366
Author(s):  
Robert G. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Technical Term ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article analyzes how the astronomy of Islamic societies in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries can be understood as cosmological. By studying the Arabic translations of the relevant Greek terms and then the definitions of the medieval Arabic dictionaries, the article finds that Arabic terms did not communicate order in the way implied by the Greek ho kósmos (ὁ κόσμος; the cosmos). Yet, astronomers of the period sometimes discussed cosmic order in addition to describing the cosmos. This article finds, too, that a new technical term, nafs al-amr (the fact of the matter) became part of later discussions of cosmic order.

scholarly journals Harmoni Bahasa dari Persfektif Penerjemahan dalam Kasus Pemadanan Istilah Teknis

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Muhamad Nur
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Concept Definition ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Data Source ◽  
General Translation ◽  
Technical Terms

The language harmony in this study is oriented to the idea of the awakening of sincronized or similar object, concept, definition and term in relation to the terms adoption strategy by a general translation from one language to another (donor by recipient language). Terms are important pillars in the science systems that they must have the same meaning for everyone using it so the information exchange will obtain a good result. Thus, through a general consensus on meanings, names and specific terms along with the usages consistently will result in the uniformity of a special vocabulary containing the standard concepts, terms and definitions. The data collecting method is by browsing electronic library (e-lib) with data source taken as samples such as (1) Phonological adaptation of borrowed terms in Duramazwi reMimhanzi, (2) Translation journal of translation procedures, strategies and methods, (3) Are there connections between English and Romanian terminology in Medicine?, (4) Third-year students’ difficulties in translating computing terms from English into Arabic, (5) Studying Loanwords and Loanword Integration: Two Criteria of confirmity. The analysis is conducting by observing phonological aspects phenomenon (concerning pronunciation system) and orthographic aspect (concerning writing system). Based on these data, it is shown that the technical term equivalence strategy is conducted through the adjustment of sound and the foreign writing system (donor language) with changes based on the phonological system according to the pronunciation and the orthography system of a language (recipient language). The strategy is an attempt to maintain the full meaning of the concept contained in the terms of a language which meaning is not revealed in other languages in order to establish harmony or similarity of vision in the context of the use of the term to build language harmony among language speakers or users. Abstrak Istilah merupakan sendi penting di dalam sistem ilmu pengetahuan, harus mempunyai makna yang sama bagi semua orang yang menggunakannya, agar pertukaran informasi memperoleh hasil yang baik, maka melalui kesepakatan umum tentang makna, nama dan istilah khusus serta penggunaannya secara konsisten akan menghasilkan keseragaman suatu kosa kata khusus yang memuat konsep, istilah, dan definisinya yang baku. Artikel ini merupakan hasil kajian bidang penerjemahan tentang suatu pendekatan yang terkait dengan peristilahan, khususnya istilah teknis (technical terms). Sejumlah pendekatan yang dapat disajikan adalah sebagai alternatif dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip kesamaan konsep antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target (donor and recipient language). Data dalam kajian ini diperoleh melalui akses internet (online) untuk memperoleh jurnal, artikel dan referensi lain yang mengkaji masalah peristilahan dan aspek-aspek linguistik secara tekstual yang berorientasi pada bidang penerjemahan. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk interakasi di antara berbagai bahasa dalam bidang penerjemahan, khususnya menyangkut istilah teknis dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan penyesuaian aspek kebahasaan atau kaidah linguistik bahasa donor menurut aspek atau kaidah kebahasaan bahasa penerima (recipient language). Hal ini dilakukan adalah sebagai upaya untuk mempertahankan makna konsep yang dimiliki bahasa donor di satu sisi, dan upaya menyesuaikan aspek atau kaidah linguistik menurut bahasa penerima di sisi lain. Dengan demikian, harmoni bahasa dapat terbangun bagi penutur atau pengguna bahasa di antara komunitas bangsa itu sendiri.

Logic: A Very Short Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Priest
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Way

Logic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. Logic: A Very Short Introduction shows how wrong this conception is. It explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy. It also covers the subjects of algorithms and axioms, and proofs in mathematics.

Psychosocial Consequences of Upper Limb Injury

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. PATERSON ◽  
F. D. BURKE
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Limb Injury ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Way

Upper limb surgeons have little in the way of training in the identification or management of the psychological aspects of limb injury. Surgeons in training tend to see their speciality in technical terms, only slowly appreciating that the psychological state of the patient profoundly affects outcome in many cases. The case report that follows charts the psychological progress of a patient following severe upper limb injury. Surgeons usually view rehabilitation in physical terms. This report emphasizes the psychological aspects of a major limb injury to a policeman (MP) who subsequently studied psychology at PhD level.

Supervenience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Jago
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Supervenience is a concept developed by philosophers to capture a way in which certain facts, events or properties rely or depend on others in a noncausal way. It is one way to capture the notion that certain phenomena seem to emerge from, or are determined by, others. Consider an example. The movement of one snooker ball depends on the way it is hit, either by the cue or by another ball. This is the familiar causal notion of dependence. But now suppose the balls make a perfect ‘W’ shape on the table. That ‘W’ depends on the arrangement of the individuals balls. It isn’t that the balls’ arrangement causes the ‘W’ to exist. Rather, the balls and their arrangement constitutes, or makes up the ‘W’. Their individual arrangements, taken together, brings it about that there is a ‘W’ shape on the table. These are all intuitive but imprecise ways of capturing the noncausal relationship between the individual balls and the ‘W’. The technical term philosophers use for this relationship is supervenience. It was used by Hare, and was put centre stage first by Davidson, and then by Kim and Lewis. Section 1 will explore different ways to define ‘supervenience’. Philosophers find the notion of supervenience useful because it can be used to describe and analyse a number of phenomena which seem to depend on other phenomena in an important, but noncausal, way. These might include: truth depending on reality; the mind depending on the brain; and moral and aesthetic truths depending on physical properties. Supervenience also provides a useful way to help clarify what is at stake in a number of debates, such as the internalist/externalist debate over mental content.

Sunzi

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Paul R. Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Combat Experience ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Way

This chapter deals with Sunzi or Sunzi Bingfa (Master Sun's Methods of War). This is a military treatise attributed to Sun Wu (which means Grandson Warlike), an all too appropriately named general who is said to have transformed the harem of King Helu of Wu (r. 514–496 BC) into a fearsome battalion in order to demonstrate his qualifications. But the vocabulary of the text is not in keeping with the world of 500 BC. The philosophical lexicon suggests a milieu in which concepts such as Heaven and the Way had already become influential. Although the author or authors of Sunzi may have had real combat experience, one of its rhetorical purposes was to carve out a place for military affairs in philosophical discourse. Sunzi anticipates an audience well versed in classical philosophical literature and argues that “the commander” should be added to everybody's list of technical terms.

Greek

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-56
Author(s):  
Coulter H. George
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Abstract Language ◽  
Oral Composition ◽  
Technical Terms ◽  
The Way

To lay the foundations for the linguistic discussion found in the remainder of the book, this chapter begins with a systematic introduction to some of the main features of Ancient Greek, explaining the necessary technical terms along the way. First comes a discussion of the sounds of Greek, focusing on those that are particularly characteristic of Greek, as well as the development of Greek from the Proto-Indo-European parent language. The chapter then introduces some of the ways Greek words, especially nouns and verbs, change their forms to suit the grammatical context, since such morphological richness will come up repeatedly in the book. Excerpts from three texts are then discussed: first, the Iliad, to show how formulaic language marks its origins as an oral composition; second, Thucydides, to highlight the abstract language that characterizes his history; third, the New Testament, to show how much translators sometimes need to rearrange the structure of a sentence in order for the syntax to make sense in English.

English and Sinhala bilingualism in Sri Lanka

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTThis study describes the language situation of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and examines the factors governing the language choice of Sinhalese bilinguals while attempting to correlate such factors with domains and role relations. It also examines the way in which such correlations reflect social differences in Sri Lankan society. The use of two languages by the same speakers almost inevitably affects the forms of the languages so used. The use of English by Sinhalese speakers has led to the functional elaboration of both English and Sinhala. Bilinguals show varying degrees of proficiency in the languages they use. Such disparities in performance have led to differing patterns of bilingualism manifested in different phonological and grammatical features. Materials are drawn from the English of newspapers, fiction, drama, poetry etc. and personal knowledge. (Language as a class indicator; bilingualism; conflict of speech norms; Sri Lankan English.)

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