scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL SLOPE OF AVALANCHE – HAZARDOUS MOUNTAIN SLOPE

Author(s):  
L.N. Stasenko ◽  
N.A. Radgapova ◽  
A.Sh. Risbekov ◽  
N.Z. Sadikov ◽  
A. Aydarbek u.

One of the mandatory conditions for the formation of snow avalanches is the presence of a certain slope of the mountain slope. The forces acting on a snow layer located on a mountain slope, the conditions of its equilibrium and possible shift without taking into account external forces are considered in the article. The critical slope steepness is calculated

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (123) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Fukushima ◽  
Gary Parker

AbstractAppropriate expressions describing the motion of powder-snow avalanches are derived. The model consists of four equations, i.e. the conservation equations of fluid mass, snow-particle mass, momentum of the cloud, and kinetic energy of the turbulence. Insofar as the density difference between the avalanche and the ambient air becomes rather large compared with the density of the ambient air, the Boussinesq approximation, which is typically used to analyze density currents, cannot be adopted in the present case. As opposed to previous models, the total buoyancy of a powder-snow avalanche is allowed to change freely via erosion from and deposition on to a static snow layer on a slope. In the model, the snow-particle entrainment rate from the slope is directly linked to the level of turbulence.A discontinuous, large-scale powder-snow avalanche occurred on 26 January 1986 near Maseguchi, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The avalanche appears to have had a dense core at its base. The present model is employed to simulate that part of the avalanche above any dense core. The depth of the layer of fresh snow is considered to be an important parameter in the model. The larger the depth of fresh snow, the larger is the concentration of snow attained in the avalanche, and the faster its speed. It is seen that the model provides a reasonable description of the powder-snow avalanche generated near Maseguchi. In particular, the model prediction that a powder-snow avalanche strong enough to reach Maseguchi requires a depth of fresh snow of at least 2 m is in agreement with the observed depth just before the event.


1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (123) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Fukushima ◽  
Gary Parker

Abstract Appropriate expressions describing the motion of powder-snow avalanches are derived. The model consists of four equations, i.e. the conservation equations of fluid mass, snow-particle mass, momentum of the cloud, and kinetic energy of the turbulence. Insofar as the density difference between the avalanche and the ambient air becomes rather large compared with the density of the ambient air, the Boussinesq approximation, which is typically used to analyze density currents, cannot be adopted in the present case. As opposed to previous models, the total buoyancy of a powder-snow avalanche is allowed to change freely via erosion from and deposition on to a static snow layer on a slope. In the model, the snow-particle entrainment rate from the slope is directly linked to the level of turbulence. A discontinuous, large-scale powder-snow avalanche occurred on 26 January 1986 near Maseguchi, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The avalanche appears to have had a dense core at its base. The present model is employed to simulate that part of the avalanche above any dense core. The depth of the layer of fresh snow is considered to be an important parameter in the model. The larger the depth of fresh snow, the larger is the concentration of snow attained in the avalanche, and the faster its speed. It is seen that the model provides a reasonable description of the powder-snow avalanche generated near Maseguchi. In particular, the model prediction that a powder-snow avalanche strong enough to reach Maseguchi requires a depth of fresh snow of at least 2 m is in agreement with the observed depth just before the event.


Author(s):  
Marcio Luis Costa ◽  
Alex Silva Messias

Nas últimas décadas se observa o retorno da religião sob forma de fundamentalismo religioso, utilizando a mídia e instrumentos de pressão política para fazer valer suas crenças, pois diante do receio ao questionamento, os fundamentalistas veem no “outro”, no diferente, uma ameaça a ser combatida e, em alguns casos, extirpada para preservar suas convicções. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir as tendências sócio-políticas do fundamentalismo religioso cristão. Para tanto, com método bibliográfico narrativo, visitamos alguns autores em nível nacional e internacional, que abordam as condições que fizeram emergir o fenômeno social do fundamentalismo religioso, sua estruturação e atuação, até suas demandas sócio-políticas. Os resultados apontam que quando se identifica e transfere qualquer responsabilidade pessoal e histórica para as forças externas, o “outro”, entendido como pessoa e/ou instituição, não podemos negar que esse processo alcança dimensões de problema social. Notamos algumas tendências como mudança de movimento religioso para ideologia acirrada, da postura de fiel para militância, do “ad intra” das religiões para demandas “ad extra”, dos altares e púlpitos para ocupações políticas.Palavras-chave: Fundamentalismo Religioso; Protestante; Católico. CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM: SOCIAL-POLITICS TENDENCIESAbstractIn the last decades the return of religion in religious fundamentalism form can be observed, using media and instruments of political pressure, because when facing the fear of questioning, fundamentalists see in the “other”, in the different, a threat to be stopped and, in some cases, extirpated top preserve their convictions.  This study aims to discuss the social-politics tendencies of the Christian religious fundamentalism. For that, with the narrative bibliographic method, we visited some authors of national and international level, that approach the conditions that caused the emergence of the religious fundamentalism social phenomenon, its structure and role, until its social-politics demand. The results show that when any personal or historical responsibility is identified and transferred to external forces, the “other”, understood as person and/or institution, we cannot deny this process reaches dimensions of social problem. We notice some tendencies such as the change of the religious movement to fierce ideology, from the posture of faithful to militancy, from “ad intra” of religions to “ad extra” demands, from the altars and pulpits to political positions.Keywords: Religious Fundamentalism; Protestant; Catholic.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyang Wang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Timothy Tamunang Tamutana

Self-serving bias is individuals' belief that leads them to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give themselves credit when good things happen. To evaluate how underlying evaluative associations toward the self or others differ between individuals, and/or how the regulation mechanism of the influence of such associations differs, we used a multinomial process model to measure the underlying implicit self-esteem in these processes with 56 Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that participants assessed themselves as being better than others when their performance was followed by a desirable outcome. Subsequent application of the quadruple processes showed that both activation of positive associations toward self and regulation of the associations played important roles in attitudinal responses. Our findings may provide a supplementary explanation to that of previous results, promoting understanding of the mechanism underlying self-serving bias.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zara K. Hickman ◽  
◽  
Christy E. Briles ◽  
Andrew Gray

Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee

This chapter focuses on governance, a key building block of a health system. A government is responsible for the health of its people. It sets the health strategy and oversees the implementation of health programs. External forces and actors influence the governance of the health sector. This chapter explores governance of health from the perspective of the nation-state coordinating its own health system (sometimes called governance for global health). The chapter examines the internal and external forces that influence national governance for global health. The chapter also looks beyond the level of the nation-state to explore the concept of global governance for health. In the interconnected and globalized world, global governance for health is needed to coordinate the geopolitical forces that impact health and its social determinants.


2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cassiani ◽  
A. Godio ◽  
S. Stocco ◽  
A. Villa ◽  
R. Deiana ◽  
...  

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