scholarly journals First Attempts to Ban Chemical Weapons

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-69
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Further Development

First attempts to ban chemical weapons (CW) as a method of warfare have been made since the second half of the XIX century. At the beginning of the XX century, several legal documents – declarations, protocols and conventions, forbidding the use of poisons, poisonous weapons, poisonous and asphyxiating gases and means of their delivery, have been adopted at the international level. But all these documents, including the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the 1925 Geneva Protocol, turned out to be useless and ineffective as a means of deterrence. They could prevent neither large-scale use of CW in World War I, nor their further development. Instead of the assistance to the prohibition of CW, in fact they assisted their legalization and further arms race. The article is dedicated to the history of first efforts to ban CW by international treaties. It describes in details the circumstances of the elaboration of these declarations, protocols and conventions in connection with other general security problems, their further adoption or breakdown. Special attention is paid to the attitude towards CW at the beginning of the XX century and their use as a means of pressure and propaganda

scholarly journals IVAN BOBERSKYI'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE PREPARATION AND REALIZATION OF THE SHEVCHENKO CONGRESS, 1914 IN LVIV

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Andrii SOVA
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
100Th Birthday ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The article deals with the Shevchenkivskyi congress (other names – II Region congress, Great Memorable Shevchenkivskiy congress, Shevchenko's Jubilee congress, etc.), which took place in Lviv during June 27–29, 1914, on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Taras Shevchenko. The features of the organization and implementation of the congress, the contribution of the head of the Ukrainian gymnastic society «Sokol-Father» Ivan Boberskyi to this task were explored. The author draws attention to the fact that until 1914, Ukrainian «Sokol» and other Galicia companies did not carry out such large-scale events. It was cleared up the value of the congress in the development of national gymnastics and sports, which became the demonstration of a high-level national consciousness and dignity of the Ukrainians, a symbolic national association and a demonstration of political activity. Ivan Boberskyi did everything possible not only for the development of the Ukrainian community «Sokol» on the Ukrainian ethnic lands but also in the diaspora, the association with the Sich centers of Galicia, as well as for the consolidation of the Ukrainian nation. In the history of Galicia and in general the history of Ukraine, the Shevchenkivskiy congress, 1914 in Lviv remains one of the greatest cultural, social, political and sports events of the Galician Ukrainians in the XX century. After its successful conduction, Ivan Boberskyi in 1919 planned to hold the III Region Congress in Lviv. However, the events of World War I and the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917–1923 prevented this. The prospects for further studies are to examine the course and results of the III Region congress, 1934, and the participation of the Ukrainian organizations in the All-Sokol congress in Prague during the interwar period. Keywords Ivan Boberskyi, Galicia, Lviv, Shevchenkivskyi congress, consolidation of Ukrainians.

scholarly journals Edith Wharton's Resource Aesthetics and the Dawn of the American Energy Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-952
Author(s):  
ALAN ACKERMAN
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
High Volume ◽  
World War ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Modes Of Thought

Situating Edith Wharton in the context of America's accelerating petro-culture, this essay argues that her novels critique a society that takes for granted high-volume, nonrenewable energy, and specifically revolutionary new kinds of energy: petroleum, natural gas, and the fossil-fueled power stations necessary for the large-scale, continuous production of electricity. Attention to the idiom of energy inThe House of Mirthand its mirror text,The Custom of the Country, along with Ida Tarbell'sHistory of Standard Oiland Theodore Roosevelt's conservationism, sheds new light on assumptions about moral agency, personal freedom, changing modes of thought, and the environment between 1880 and World War I. The essay shows how Wharton's allegorical treatment of Lily Bart and Undine Spragg anticipates the notion of externalities or consequences of industrial activities that affect outside parties but are not reflected in the cost of production.

scholarly journals Effects of Chemical Weapons on Cancer Development in Human

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belal A. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
World War ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Scale Usage

Although use of chemical weapons has low probability, it can cause a large scale casualties among exposed people if it is used. These kind of weapons have been used by human being since ancient history. However, the first large scale usage started with World War I followed by World War II. Several regulations and guidelines have been set by different organizations such as North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to limit the usage of these weapons. However, till the present time the world is not free from the risk of these weapons on human life.While the effects of chemical weapons on certain human systems including respiratory and immune systems as well as the dermatological complications have been extensively studied, the relation between chemical weapons and cancer development has not been fully understood. This review addresses the definition and usage of chemical weapons in addition to the types of chemical agents used in their production. Evidences about the chemical weapons and cancer development have also been thoroughly discussed. In summary, it appears that data regarding carcinogenicity of chemical weapons in human are both limited and contradictory. Accordingly, any claim about the carcinogenic effects of these kind of weapons in the exposed victims need to be properly validated.

Behind the Gas Mask

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Faith
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Military Government ◽  
World War ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Crowd Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modern War

This book offers an institutional history of the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), the department tasked with improving the Army's ability to use and defend against chemical weapons during and after World War I. Taking the CWS's story from the trenches to peacetime, the book explores how the CWS's work on chemical warfare continued through the 1920s despite deep opposition to the weapons in both military and civilian circles. As the book shows, the advocates for chemical weapons within the CWS allied with supporters in the military, government, and private industry to lobby to add chemical warfare to the country's permanent arsenal. Their argument: poison gas represented an advanced and even humane tool in modern war, while its applications for pest control and crowd control made a chemical capacity relevant in peacetime. But conflict with those aligned against chemical warfare forced the CWS to fight for its institutional life—and ultimately led to the U.S. military's rejection of battlefield chemical weapons.

Ukraine and Ukrainians in the Post-Imperial Era (1917-1939)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadyi YEFIMENKO ◽  
◽  
Stanislav KULCHYTSKY ◽  
Ruslan PYRIH ◽  
Vitaliyi SKALSKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
State Building ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The key problems of nation- and state-building are revealed in the concept of the chronotope of the Ukrainian “long twentieth century,” which is a hybrid projection of the long XIX century." An essential feature of this stage in the history of Ukraine and Ukrainians is the realization of the intentions of socioeconomic, ethnocultural and political emancipation: the end of the Ukrainian revolution, which began in the context of World War I and the destruction of the colonial system. The phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution, the causes and circumstances of the victory of communist Bolshevism, the tragedy of the largest divided nation in Eastern Europe in the era of the formation and strengthening of totalitarianism are the key themes of the book. The interwar period is considered as a time of cultivation and critical aggravation of internal problems of the Ukrainian nation under the influence of assimilation and repressive practices of controversial state organisms. For a wide audience.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

The War of Legs

Transfers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Michael Pesek
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
World War ◽  
East African ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Belgian Congo

This article describes the little-known history of military labor and transport during the East African campaign of World War I. Based on sources from German, Belgian, and British archives and publications, it considers the issue of military transport and supply in the thick of war. Traditional histories of World War I tend to be those of battles, but what follows is a history of roads and footpaths. More than a million Africans served as porters for the troops. Many paid with their lives. The organization of military labor was a huge task for the colonial and military bureaucracies for which they were hardly prepared. However, the need to organize military transport eventually initiated a process of modernization of the colonial state in the Belgian Congo and British East Africa. This process was not without backlash or failure. The Germans lost their well-developed military transport infrastructure during the Allied offensive of 1916. The British and Belgians went to war with the question of transport unresolved. They were unable to recruit enough Africans for military labor, a situation made worse by failures in the supplies by porters of food and medical care. One of the main factors that contributed to the success of German forces was the Allies' failure in the “war of legs.”

scholarly journals History of the Military Nurse Corps and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Talbot ◽  
E Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Heather King
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Nursing ◽  
History Of ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
The Military

ABSTRACT During World War I, the 1918 influenza pandemic struck the fatigued combat troops serving on the Western Front. Medical treatment options were limited; thus, skilled military nursing care was the primary therapy and the best indicator of patient outcomes. This article examines the military nursing’s role in the care of the soldiers during the 1918 flu pandemic and compares this to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.

The Protection of Women in International Humanitarian Law

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (249) ◽  
pp. 337-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Krill
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
World War ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Special Protection

Since the number of women who actually participated in war was insignificant until the outbreak of World War I, the need for special protection for them was not felt prior to that time. This does not imply however that women had previously lacked any protection. From the birth of international humanitarian law, they had had the same general legal protection as men. If they were wounded, women were protected by the provisions of the 1864 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field; if they became prisoners of war, they benefited from the Regulations annexed to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 on the Laws and Customs of War on Land.

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