The Impact of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama’s Sojourn in Mongolia

In 1904, when British-Indian forces invaded Tibet, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama travelled to Mongolia and subsequently to Beijing. As Ishihama Yumiko’s paper demonstrates, his sojourn in Mongolia connected the politically divided Tibetan, Mongol, and Buryat Tibetan Buddhist communities, activated their intercommunication, and contributed to the evoking of a national consciousness among them. While this consciousness failed to amalgamate Tibetan Buddhist communities into one entity, it did establish a nationalist movement that sought to resist Russian and Chinese control. Ishihama gives particular attention to the Dalai Lama’s relationship with three Mongol hierarchs from the Khalka, Kokonor, and Buryat Buddhist communities. His impact on identity formation among these groups resulted in them devoting themselves to forging unity among their people.

The Roots and Evolution of Nationalism in Indonesia

ABSTRACT The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia began at the dawn of the twentieth century, which ultimately led to the birth a new nation-state in 1949. The seeds of national consciousness were sown, and roots of Indonesian nationalism reached its apex during the Revolution (1945-49), manifesting most profoundly in the fight against the oppression of Dutch colonialism. The Revolution was central to the Indonesian republic’s perception of itself and has been influential in fostering nationalism during the post-independence period. This article examines the roots and evolution as well as dynamics and manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, throughout the different phases of Indonesia’s modern history. In doing so, it addresses three salient questions, namely i) how the seeds of national consciousness were sown; ii) what were the underlying factors/dynamics shaping the nature and development of nationalism; and iii) how nationalism and nationhood manifested in a geographically divided, ethno-culturally diverse state like Indonesia, whose citizenry has remained strongly attached to their traditional ethnological and adat communities. Emphasis is given to both stateoriented and popular manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, to highlight the state/elite-centric nature, and populist drive behind its discourses, agenda, and manifestations. Keywords: Indonesia; nationalism; national identity; state nationalism; popular nationalism

Challenging the Argentine Melting Pot: Peronism, Hispanidad, and Cultural Diversity

On 12 October 1947, Argentine President, Juan Domingo Perón, used the events of the Hispanidad Day to extoll the Spanish heritage in Latin America. Within a few years, however, Perón well understood the futility of using Hispanidad as the basis of a new national consciousness for the Argentine immigrant society. Instead, he opted for a corporative mode of political representation under the aegis of the ‘organized community’. This model was designed to be of an inclusive nature and to offer space not only to different social groups, but also to the variety of ethnic and immigrant groups of Argentine society. This new concept of corporative citizenship facilitated a heightened recognition of collective rights, which manifested in the gradual integration of Argentines of Jewish, Arab, or Japanese origins in the political system, as well as that of indigenous peoples’ movements. By the early 1950s, Peronism had adopted a more inclusive perspective and began to demonstrate respect for all religions. Peronism aspired to confront the transgressions of the privileged few by protecting the rights of minorities and marginalized groups. Thus, it also challenged the traditional melting pot with its emphasis on White, European, and Christian Argentines.

National Consciousness and Management of Secondary Education for Sustainable Development in Kwara State, Nigeria

National consciousness within educational institutions could enhance effective management of education for sustainable development. This study examines the existing relationship between cultural integration, sports activities, gender equality and management of secondary education for sustainable development in Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 175 principals from a population of 310 principals and 364 teachers from a population of 6,894 teachers in public senior secondary schools in Kwara State, Nigeria with the use of Research Advisor (2006) table to determine sample size of a known population making a total of 539 participants. Data were collected using the National Consciousness and Management of Education for Sustainable Development Questionnaire (NCMESDQ), and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation. The results revealed that there were positive and significant relationships between cultural integration, sports activities, gender equality and management of secondary education for sustainable development in Nigeria. The findings imply that education managers should improve cultural integration by finding more common grounds in the cultural practices of the people in respect to dressing, festivals and the likes, furthermore, education managers should pay more emphasis on sport activities as a means of bringing students of various schools together as well as improve on gender equality in order to maintain effective management of secondary education for sustainable development in Nigeria. Keywords: National consciousness, cultural integration, gender equality, sports activities, sustainable development

Existential Focus of Reality in “Silent Poetry”

Ukrainian literature of the 1960-80s is notable for the creative achievements of the Sixtiers, the hermeticism of Kyiv school poetry, Samvydav activity, and dissident nonconformism, which was aesthetically enriched by the poetic movement of “silent poetry”. His creative practice involved a latent rejection of the political state, which imposed its ideological criteria on the culture. Poets continued to defend the right to creative self-realization, which gave impetus to the ideological and artistic formation of “silent poetry” by the efforts of I. Zhylenko, S. Yovenko, A. Kychynskyi, V. Pidpalyi, L. Skyrda, L. Talalai, P. Movchan, D. Cherednychenko and others, whose aesthetic dominants of creativity are characterized by existential, cordo-centric and natural philosophical motives. This generation was in search of an individual manner, expressed national consciousness and recognized the autonomy of the poet and art.

MODERNITY AND THE NATURE OF THE KAZAKH CULTURE

Culture is a social phenomenon of creative nature and essence, created by human beings in the process of co-production and struggle for survival, created for its growth and development. Culture as the diversity of social phenomena is a system of values, created, developed, enriched and passed down from generation to generation in the course of joint life and joint struggle of representatives of a certain nation. In this article we will focus on how these valuesare reflected in the culture of the Kazakh people and its unique character today. First of all, we must strive for the right analysis and a clear understanding of the nature of our national and spiritual culture. Kazakhstani society is constantly evolving and everything still needs to be developed. The development of each period had its influence on culture, related to the political and social situation. The article considers the process and reasons for the formation of the peculiarities of Kazakh culture. Besides, there will be revelations of cultural merits and shortcomings of Kazakh culture. Weighing past and present Kazakh culture, we talk about the progress and wear of culture. Cultural values and traditions, preserved as a subculture, are also considered, and the reasons for which they remained in the depths of one epoch. The formation of ideological content and views of Kazakh culture was also studied. Systematized complex of national consciousness and national values, leading to patriotism of the growing generation, and presented the main advantages. Analysis of support and development of Kazakh culture - an important step in the expansion of cultural worldviews and cognitive horizons of Kazakh culture.

Enjoying an Empty Edifice

This paper reaffirms the methodological potentials of Lacanian psychoanalysis for the theories of nationalism. From the Lacanian perspective, national consciousness and self-determination are only possible in the fantasmatic frame­work through the (mis)recognition and retroactive construction. National imagination is the form of transference, necessary for performing the nation through invented traditions and rituals. However, beyond symbolization and imaginary (mis)recognition, there is always something that resists closure, linked with the subjects' desire and organized around the lack of the subjects' full enjoyment. Taking together all these aspects, we build an analytical framework for the study of nationalism, which comprises a quadruple system of identifications by referring to the concepts of Ideal-Ego, Ego-Ideal, Super-Ego and specular Other, and illustrate it through the example of the AKP's Turkish nationalism.

Folclorul ca act de conservare al conștiinței naționale

In this approach we will refer to an article-synthesis „Folklore ‒ a factor of preservation of national consciousness” signed by Sergiu Moraru with reference to the awareness of folklorists in Bessarabia of the urgent need to safeguard the elements of traditional culture of Romanians in Moldova , Ukraine (Odessa region, Chernivtsi, Nikolaev, Kirovohrad), Russian Federation (Krasnodar region) in the postwar period. We will also reflect on the development of folklore research by establishing scientific criteria for investigating and publishing field-recorded folklore materials, with the necessary parallels on the emergence of the first collections of cultural memory samples in general Romanian folklore.

“The accident of the accent”: satiric reflections of contemporary Nigeria in Wole Soyinka’s Alapata Apata

The accident of the accent is the hilarious and artistic device Wole Soyinka employs to portray the societal failings and ways to ameliorate them in Alapata Apata as a writer of national consciousness and global realities. Previous critical studies on this text have focused on the avalanche of satirical elements and their societal manifests in the play with little or no consideration for the accentual mistake (the accident of the accent) and its satirical implications. This is the critical lacuna that this study attempts to fill. The primary text shall be Wole Soyinka’s Alapata Apata which will be subjected to critical textual analysis. Inspirations are drawn from Gerard Genette’s model of Narratology as the theoretical framework to allow for the investigation of the intrinsic visual and auditory images in the text and to undergird the analysis of the findings. It is discovered that there are three prominent strands of accentual representations and their corresponding interpretations of Alapata Apata: Alapata Apata (the butcher on the rock), Alapata Apata (rock spliter) and Alapata Apata (the ruler of the rock domain). This paper concludes that Soyinka’s artistic talent in the play lies largely in the presentation of Yoruba, his mother tongue accent marks to sift out the socio- political faults in his society and by extension in the entire nation of the world.

A Summary of Educational Scholars’ View on Educational Purpose during the Period of the Republic of China

By using literature data analysis, taking the views of educational scholars during the Republic of China as an entry point, selecting representative educational scholars from that period, studying the educational goals of those educational scholars, as well as summarizing and refining their educational concepts, it has been found that the focus was on the cultivation of a sound personality, the development of spiritual values, the cultivation of social responsibility, as well as the cultivation of national consciousness. These four aspects are consistent with the comprehensive development demands by the educational purposes of modern countries in terms of moral, intellectual, physical, artistic, and labor; they provide new supplements and impetus for the current educational purposes to cultivate effective people and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.