Design of Reflectance Pulse Oximeter and BPM using the Max30100 Sensor in Early Detection of Hypoxemia in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Chiu-Hua Huang ◽  
Jia-Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Diode ◽  
The Difference

Blood oxygen saturation meter is a tool used to monitor the state of oxygen saturation in the blood and also the patient's heart rate (BPM) and to assist in the physical assessment of the patient without going through blood gas analysis. Oxygen saturation measuring devices usually use the difference in the wavelengths of red and infrared led light that will be captured by the photodiode. The purpose of this research is to make a pulse oximeter equipped with a display of SPO2, BPM values ​​and an additional SP02 signal. The design of this measuring instrument uses the MAX30100 sensor, the minimum system circuit of Arduino ATmega328p and OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode). Data from the MAX30100 sensor enters the I2C pin on the minimum Arduino system, then the microcontroller is processed to produce the percentage of SPO2 value, BPM value, and SPO2 signal which is then displayed on the OLED. The test is done by comparing the module with standard measuring instruments which produces the largest % error of 0.81% for Spo2 and 0.87% for BPM. The error presentation is obtained from factor measurements, if there is finger movement it will cause a large error. From the results obtained, the tool is still feasible to use because in the "Guidelines for Testing and Calibrating Medical Devices" Ministry of Health RI 2001, the maximum limit in the pulse oximeter error tolerance is for Spo2 1% and BPM 5%.

scholarly journals A Survey to Evaluate the Impact of Ailurophobia on Blood Oxygen Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
The Impact

The blood oxygen level is a measure of amount of oxygen circulation in the blood. The blood oxygen level test also known as ‘blood gas analysis’ estimates the proper working of the lungs and it performs different measurements. Pulse oximeter, a noninvasive device that helps to detect or estimate the level of carbon dioxide and oxygen saturation in the blood. Normal pulse oximeter reading has a range of 95 to 100 percent. 200 individuals were selected and asked about the fear of cats and their peripheral oxygen saturation was estimated using pulse oximeter device. The results calculated from M Stat software and student’s t-test revealed that there is a significant impact of cat phobia on peripheral oxygen saturation. The calculated p-value was significant depicting the correlation between blood oxygen level and ailurophobia.

scholarly journals The Effect of Optical Crosstalk on Accuracy of Reflectance-Type Pulse Oximeter for Mobile Healthcare

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Jae Baek ◽  
JaeWook Shin ◽  
Jaegeol Cho
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Optical Crosstalk ◽  
Mobile Healthcare ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pulse Oximeters

According to the theoretical equation of the pulse oximeter expressed by the ratio of amplitude (AC) and baseline (DC) obtained from the photoplethysmographic signal of two wavelengths, the difference of the amount of light absorbed depending on the melanin indicating the skin color is canceled by normalizing the AC value to the DC value of each wavelength. Therefore, theoretically, skin color does not affect the accuracy of oxygen saturation measurement. However, if there is a direct path for the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit instead of passing through the human body, the amount of light reflected by the surface of the skin changes depending on the color of the skin. As a result, the amount of crosstalk that varies depending on the skin color affects the ratio of AC to DC, resulting in errors in the calculation of the oxygen saturation value. We made crosstalk sensors and crosstalk-free sensors and performed desaturation experiments with respiratory gas control on subjects with various skin colors to perform oxygen saturation measurements ranging from 60 to 100%. Experimental results showed that there was no difference in the measurement error of oxygen saturation according to skin color in the case of the sensor which prevented crosstalk (−0.8824 ± 2.2859 for Asian subjects, 0.6741 ± 3.2822 for Caucasian subjects, and 0.9669 ± 2.2268 for African American subjects). However, a sensor that did not prevent crosstalk showed a large error in dark skin subjects (0.8258 ± 2.1603 for Asian subjects, 0.8733 ± 1.9716 for Caucasian subjects, and −3.0591 ± 3.9925 for African Americans). Based on these results, we reiterate the importance of sensor design in the development of pulse oximeters using reflectance-type sensors.

scholarly journals Validation Experiment of a New Brain Oxygen Saturation Monitoring Instrument

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Chen ◽  
Zunxu liu ◽  
Meng-Yun Li ◽  
Lijuan Tang ◽  
Yufeng Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Radial Artery ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Brain Oxygen ◽  
Test Instrument ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background The blood samples of jugular vein and radial artery were obtained from healthy adults by induced oxygen desaturation test under pulse oximetry conditions on each platform. The oxygen saturation of the two blood samples was analyzed and measured by a Co-oximeter. Thus, the oxygen saturation value of jugular vein (SjvO2) and radial artery (SaO2) were obtained. According to the clinical empirical formula Sa/vO2 = 0.7×S jvO2 + 0.3×SaO2, the oxygen saturation value of brain tissue for invasive blood gas analysis was calculated. To calculate the difference between brain oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured by brain oxygen saturation monitor (hereinafter referred to as brain oxygen analyzer) and brain oxygen saturation (Sa/vO2) measured by invasive blood gas analysis, analyze the consistency of brain oxygen saturation measured by brain oxygen saturation analyzer and blood gas analyzer, and calculate the accuracy of brain oxygen saturation monitoring. The blood samples of jugular vein and radial artery were obtained from healthy adults by induced oxygen desaturation test under pulse oximetry conditions on each platform. The oxygen saturation of the two blood samples was analyzed and measured by a Co-oximeter. Thus, the oxygen saturation value of jugular vein (SjvO2) and radial artery (SaO2) were obtained. According to the clinical empirical formula Sa/vO2 = 0.7×S jvO2 + 0.3×SaO2, the oxygen saturation value of brain tissue for invasive blood gas analysis was calculated. To calculate the difference between brain oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured by brain oxygen saturation monitor (hereinafter referred to as brain oxygen analyzer) and brain oxygen saturation (Sa/vO2) measured by invasive blood gas analysis, analyze the consistency of brain oxygen saturation measured by brain oxygen saturation analyzer and blood gas analyzer, and calculate the accuracy of brain oxygen saturation monitoring. MethodsIn healthy adult volunteers, the induced desaturation test, in which blood gas analysis measures the subjects' internal jugular vein and carotid artery blood samples at each pulse oximetry platform range. Clinical trials were conducted to verify the expected effectiveness and safety of the brain oxygen saturation monitor. Ten subjects were selected into the study according to strict inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Subjects should monitor their electrocardiogram, pulse, blood pressure, SPO2 and other vital signs, perform retrograde puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein and radial artery catheterization, ensure the safety of subjects during the period, and record the values of blood samples before and after collection. The oxygen was lowered according to the set platform(according to Figure2), and physiological parameters were monitored during the process. There were 9 platforms in total, and each platform lasted about 5 minutes. The oxygen saturation value of jugular vein (SJVO2) and the oxygen saturation value of carotid artery (SaO2) were obtained, and the tissue oxygen saturation value of sa1vO2 was calculated according to the clinical empirical formula SA1VO2 = 0.7xSJVO2 + 0.3xSaO2. During the blood collection process, the blood oxygen saturation (RSO2) of the subjects' brain was continuously monitored by tissue oximeter noninvastively. The consistency of non-invasive monitoring value RSO2 and invasive measurement value sa1vO2 was compared, and scientific statistical analysis was carried out to confirm whether the accuracy of tissue oxygen meter meets clinical requirements. ResultsAbsolute accuracy evaluation: Further linear regression analysis was performed on the non-invasive monitoring value of the test instrument and the blood gas analysis detection value. The fitting linear equation was rSO2=4.89+0.93×Sa/vO2, where the slope was 0.93, close to 1. The regression line was close to the 45° diagonal trend. The correlation coefficient between rSO2 and Sa/vO2 was 0.95, indicating that there was a good correlation between the non-invasive monitoring value and the invasive blood gas analysis value. Trend accuracy evaluation: It can be seen that the average difference between the trend change value of the test instrument monitoring value and the blood gas analysis value is very small (Bs=Means(△rSO2-△Sa/vO2)=-0.32%), indicating that the trend change of the test instrument monitoring value and the blood gas analysis value is basically consistent in statistical significance. The 95% consistency interval of the difference of trend change between the two devices is narrow ([BS-1.96SD, Bs+1.96SD]=[-6.13%, 5.5%]), indicating that the difference of trend change between the two devices has small variation. The above analysis shows that there is a good consistency between the non-invasive monitoring value of the test equipment and the invasive test results of the blood gas analysis equipment. The linear regression analysis was made on the changes of the test instrument monitoring value and blood gas analysis detection value. The fitting linear equation was △rSO2=-0.98+0.93△Sa/vO2, and the slope was 0.93, which was close to 1. The regression line was close to the 45° diagonal trend. The correlation coefficient of trend changes of the two equipment is 0.95, indicating that the change trend of the test equipment and blood gas analyzer has a good correlation. Analyze the trend changes value, due to the variation of every subjects is relative to the first platform first blood gas analysis values as the base to calculate, so the data points less than 10 absolute value analysis, the test equipment and the trend of blood gas analysis change the average deviation is 0.32%, the standard deviation is 2.97%, RMS very different trend is 2.97%, The clinical evaluation standard of trend Arms≤5% was met. ConclusionThere is good correlation and consistency between the test instrument monitoring value and the absolute value of blood gas analyzer.Trial Registration: The study has been retrospectively registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registration with the registration number ChiCTR2100052321, date of registration 24/10/2021.

scholarly journals Automatic Oxygen Delivery System for Premature Babies

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thao P. Do ◽  
Lindsey J. Eubank ◽  
Devin S. Coulter ◽  
John M. Freihaut ◽  
Carlos E. Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Saturation Level

When an infant is born prematurely, there are a number of health risks. Among these are underdeveloped lungs, which can lead to abnormal gas exchange of oxygen or hypoxemia. Hypoxemia is treated through oxygen therapy, which involves the delivery of supplemental oxygen to the patient but there are risks associated with this method. Risks include retinopathy, which can cause eye damage when oxygen concentration is too high, and brain damage, when the concentration is too low [1]. Supplemental oxygen concentration must be controlled rigorously. Currently healthcare staff monitors infants’ blood oxygen saturation level using a pulse oximeter. They manually adjust the oxygen concentration using an air-oxygen blender. Inconsistent manual adjustments can produce excessive fluctuations and cause the actual oxygen saturation level to deviate from the target value. Precision and accuracy are compromised. This project develops an automatic oxygen delivery system that regulates the supplemental oxygen concentration to obtain a target blood oxygen saturation level. A microprocessor uses a LABVIEW® program to analyze pulse oximeter and analyzer readings and control electronic valves in a redesigned air-oxygen blender. A user panel receives a target saturation level, displays patient data, and signals alarms when necessary. The prototype construction and testing began February 2010.

scholarly journals Relating oxygen partial pressure, saturation and content: the haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve

Breathe ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie-Ann Collins ◽  
Aram Rudenski ◽  
John Gibson ◽  
Luke Howard ◽  
Ronan O’Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation Curve ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
The Relationship

Key PointsIn clinical practice, the level of arterial oxygenation can be measured either directly by blood gas sampling to measure partial pressure (PaO2) and percentage saturation (SaO2) or indirectly by pulse oximetry (SpO2).This review addresses the strengths and weaknesses of each of these tests and gives advice on their clinical use.The haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve describing the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and saturation can be modelled mathematically and routinely obtained clinical data support the accuracy of a historical equation used to describe this relationship.Educational AimsTo understand how oxygen is delivered to the tissues.To understand the relationships between oxygen saturation, partial pressure, content and tissue delivery.The clinical relevance of the haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve will be reviewed and we will show how a mathematical model of the curve, derived in the 1960s from limited laboratory data, accurately describes the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure in a large number of routinely obtained clinical samples.To understand the role of pulse oximetry in clinical practice.To understand the differences between arterial, capillary and venous blood gas samples and the role of their measurement in clinical practice.The delivery of oxygen by arterial blood to the tissues of the body has a number of critical determinants including blood oxygen concentration (content), saturation (SO2) and partial pressure, haemoglobin concentration and cardiac output, including its distribution. The haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve, a graphical representation of the relationship between oxygen satur­ation and oxygen partial pressure helps us to understand some of the principles underpinning this process. Historically this curve was derived from very limited data based on blood samples from small numbers of healthy subjects which were manipulated in vitro and ultimately determined by equations such as those described by Severinghaus in 1979. In a study of 3524 clinical specimens, we found that this equation estimated the SO2 in blood from patients with normal pH and SO2 >70% with remarkable accuracy and, to our knowledge, this is the first large-scale validation of this equation using clinical samples. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) is nowadays the standard clinical method for assessing arterial oxygen saturation, providing a convenient, pain-free means of continuously assessing oxygenation, provided the interpreting clinician is aware of important limitations. The use of pulse oximetry reduces the need for arterial blood gas analysis (SaO2) as many patients who are not at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure or metabolic acidosis and have acceptable SpO2 do not necessarily require blood gas analysis. While arterial sampling remains the gold-standard method of assessing ventilation and oxygenation, in those patients in whom blood gas analysis is indicated, arterialised capillary samples also have a valuable role in patient care. The clinical role of venous blood gases however remains less well defined.

scholarly journals Pulse Oximeter Portable

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
I Putu Anna Andika ◽  
Triana Rahmawati ◽  
M. Ridha Mak’ruf
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Maximum Limit

Pulse oximeter is a tool to monitor oxygen saturation in the blood (arteries) and also a person's heart rate (BPM) without having to go through blood analysis. Lack or excess of oxygen in the blood will cause illness and disruption of the body's work. At a certain level, this disease can cause the risk of death. The purpose of this study was to develop a pulse oximeter. The design of this equipment uses the MAX30102 sensor.  Then the sensor will start working and Arduino will do data processing.  Data from the MAX30102 sensor entering the I2C pin is then displayed on the TFT LCD screen.  This equipment is made portable to make it easier for users to do monitoring anytime and anywhere.This test is done by comparing modules with standard measuring instruments. From the results obtained, this equipment is worthy of use because by "Pedoman Pengujian dan Kalibrasi Alat Kesehatan” DEPKES RI tahun 2001, the maximum limit in fault tolerance was Pulse Oximeter ± 1%.

scholarly journals Is pulse oximeter a reliable tool for non-critically ill patients with COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslıhan Gürün Kaya ◽  
Miraç Öz ◽  
İREM AKDEMİR KALKAN ◽  
Ezgi Gülten ◽  
güle AYDIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Introduction: Guidelines recommend using a pulse oximeter rather than arterial blood gas (ABG) for COVID-19 patients. However, significant differences can be observed between oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in some clinical conditions. We aimed to assess the reliability of pulse oximeter in patients with COVID-19 Methods: We retrospectively reviewed ABG analyses and SpO2 levels measured simultaneously with ABG in patients hospitalized in COVID-19 wards. Results: We categorized total 117 patients into two groups; in whom the difference between SpO2 and SaO2 was 4% (acceptable difference) and >4% (large difference). Large difference group exhibited higher neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, D-dimer and lower lymphocyte count. Multivariate analyses revealed that increased fibrinogen, increased ferritin and decreased lymphocyte count were independent risk factors for large difference between SpO2 and SaO2. The total study group demonstrated the negative bias of 4.02% with the limits of agreement of −9.22% to 1.17%. The bias became significantly higher in patients with higher ferritin, fibrinogen levels and lower lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Pulse oximeters may not be sufficient to assess actual oxygen saturation especially in COVID-19 patients with high ferritin and fibrinogen levels and low lymphocyte count low SpO2 measurements.

scholarly journals Proof-of-Concept Simulasi Kadar Saturasi Oksigen untuk Evaluasi Pulse Oximeter

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
FUAD UGHI
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
System Level ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Led Driver ◽  
Digital To Analog Converter ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Analog Converter ◽  
Digital To Analog

ABSTRAKSimulator SpO2 yang mengemulasikan sinyal yang ekuivalen dengan saturasi oksigen pada manusia, dapat digunakan untuk evaluasi repeatibility pulse oximeter. Simulator ini tersedia di pasaran dengan harga yang cukup mahal di Indonesia, di kisaran 80-100 juta rupiah. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan simulator SpO2 dengan biaya rendah, menggunakan komponen elektronika umum yang ada di pasaran. Karakteristik simulasi mengacu kepada referensi yang diambil dari simulator komersial dengan menggunakan sistem akuisisi data berbasis LabVIEW. Kadar saturasi oksigen disimulasikan dengan mengatur intensitas cahaya light emitting diode (LED), untuk meniru penyerapan cahaya oleh darah pada pembuluh arteri. Digital to analog converter digunakan sebagai LED driver, untuk mengatur besar tegangan ke LED yang berbanding lurus dengan intensitas cahaya. Sebagai pembuktian konsep, studi ini berhasil menyimulasikan kadar saturasi oksigen 80% dengan galat mencapai 11.25%, dan 80 denyut jantung per menit dengan galat 6.25%. Hasil simulasi belum bisa dibandingkan dengan simulator komersial, karena hasil yang belum stabil. Total biaya untuk komponen perangkat keras, mencapai satu juta rupiah.Kata kunci: simulator, saturasi oksigen, pulse oximeter, digital to analog converter, light emitting diode ABSTRACTSpO2 simulator, which emulates signal that equivalent to oxygen saturation level of human, can be used to evaluate repeatibility of pulse oximeter. SpO2 simulators are available in Indonesia, but the price is quite expensive, in range of 80-100 million rupiah. The study aims to develop low-cost SpO2 simulator, using common electronic components. Characteristic of simulation refer to reference data, which taken from commercial simulator using LabVIEW based data acquisition system. Level of oxygen saturation is simulated by adjusting beam intensity of light emitting diode (LED), to imitate light absorbance by arterial blood. Digital to analog converter is used as LED driver, to control voltage to LED that directly proportional to light intensity. As a proof of concept, SpO2 simulation has been successfully performed at level 80% with error reaches 11.25% deviation, and heart rate 80 beat per minute with error reaches 6.25%. The simulation result had not compared yet to a commercial simulator, due to the unstable result. Total cost for hardware components of the prototype is around one million rupiah.Keywords: simulator, oxygen saturation, pulse oximeter, digital to analog converter, light emitting diode

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