scholarly journals Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio using Frequency Domain

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3475-3477
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Bandwidth Allocation ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Access ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Sensing Applications

An efficient bandwidth allocation and dynamic bandwidth access away from its previous limits is referred as cognitive radio (CR).The limited spectrum with inefficient usage requires the advances of dynamic spectrum access approach, where the secondary users are authorized to utilize the unused temporary licensed spectrum. For this reason it is essential to analyze the absence/presence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrum sensing is the main requirement and developed to sense the absence/ presence of a licensed user. This paper shows the design model of energy detection based spectrum sensing in frequency domain utilizing Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) ,Additive white real Gaussian channel (AWGN), Rayleigh fading channel users for 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) which is utilized for the wide band sensing applications at low Signal to noise Ratio(SNR) level to reduce the false error identification. The spectrum sensing techniques has least computational complexity. Simulink model for the energy detection based spectrum sensing using frequency domain in MATLAB 2014a.

scholarly journals Three-Event Energy Detection with Adaptive Threshold for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Systems

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Martian ◽  
Mahmood Jalal Ahmad Al Sammarraie ◽  
Călin Vlădeanu ◽  
Dimitrie C. Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Access ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Adaptive Sensing ◽  
Decision Error ◽  
Radio Systems

Implementation of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in cognitive radio (CR) systems requires the unlicensed secondary users (SU) to implement spectrum sensing to monitor the activity of the licensed primary users (PU). Energy detection (ED) is one of the most widely used methods for spectrum sensing in CR systems, and in this paper we present a novel ED algorithm with an adaptive sensing threshold. The three-event ED (3EED) algorithm for spectrum sensing is considered for which an accurate approximation of the optimal decision threshold that minimizes the decision error probability (DEP) is found using Newton’s method with forced convergence in one iteration. The proposed algorithm is analyzed and illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations that closely match the theoretical results and show that it outperforms the conventional ED (CED) algorithm for spectrum sensing.

Performance Evaluation of SDR Blade RF using Wide-band Monopole Antenna for Spectrum Sensing Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ibrahim ◽  
Wael Ali ◽  
Hassan Aboushady
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Monopole Antenna ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Wireless Technologies ◽  
Sensing Applications

A spectrum-sensing algorithm is used to detect the available and the occupied frequency bands. The wideband antenna design approach is used for a microstrip fed monopole antenna that can be used for various wireless technologies such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, and WiFi operating at different frequencies from 1.25 to 3 GHz. The antenna is constructed from two copper layers of rectangular radiator and a partial ground plane. These layers are printed on an RO4003 substrate with dimensions 60 x 80 mm2. The antenna is experimentally fabricated to verify the simulation predictions and good matching between simulated and measured results is achieved. The wide-band antenna is tested by connecting it to the receiver of the Blade-RF Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform. A matlab script is then used to control the SDR board and to perform Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Applications.

scholarly journals Spectrum sensing based on energy of unknown deterministic signals over fading channels

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Tu Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Khoa Le Dang ◽  
Thu Thi Hong Nguyen ◽  
Phuong Huu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Fading Channels ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Cognitive Radio Network ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Radio Network ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Spectrum Hole ◽  
The Impact

In cognitive radio network, how to minimize the impact of secondary user on primary user’s signal plays a very important and complex role. Therefore, spectrum sensing is one of the most essential components of cognitive radio. Therefore, the effect of spectrum sensing algorithms plays a key role to the system’s performance. In this paper, we concentrate on spectrum sensing algorithms in order to find out spectrum hole or while hole for reusing it. Specifically, we will highlight the energy detector algorithm of unknown deterministic signals over fading channels. The numerical results match well with theoretical analysis. The system’s performance of energy detection in AWGN channel is acceptable in case of relatively low signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, the performance of system will be degraded remarkable over fading environments.

scholarly journals 5G cognitive radio system design with new algorithm asynchronous spectrum sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2046-2054
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mehdi Saleh ◽  
Ahmed A. Abbas ◽  
Ahmed Hammoodi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Spectrum Access ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Wireless Applications ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Time Required

Due to the rapid increase in wireless applications and the number of users, spectrum scarcity, energy consumption and latency issues will emerge, notably in the fifth generation (5G) system. Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as the primary technology to address these challenges, allowing opportunist spectrum access as well as the ability to analyze, observe, and learn how to respond to environmental 5G conditions. The CR has the ability to sense the spectrum and detect empty bands in order to use underutilized frequency bands without causing unwanted interference with legacy networks. In this paper, we presented a spectrum sensing algorithm based on energy detection that allows secondary user SU to transmit asynchronously with primary user PU without causing harmful interference. This algorithm reduced the sensing time required to scan the whole frequency band by dividing it into n sub-bands that are all scanned at the same time. Also, this algorithm allows cognitive radio networks (CRN) nodes to select their operating band without requiring cooperation with licensed users. According to the BER, secondary users have better performance compared with primary users.

scholarly journals Designing a Real-time Swept Spectrum Analyser with USRP B210

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
N. Bello ◽  
K.O. Ogbeide
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Very High

Cognitive radio has received considerable amount of attention as a promising technique to provide dynamic spectrum allocation. Spectrum sensing is one of the basic functions in the cognitive radio and is crucial to all other functions. Software- defined radios (SDRs) are considered due to its very high flexibility and have become a common platform for CR implementation replacing expensive spectrum analysers. The most popular among various SDR platforms is the universal software-defined radio peripheral (USRP). This paper presents a real-time swept spectrum sensing solution based on USRP B210. It also presents a detailed explanation of the concept of energy detection and the methodology for wide-band sensing. Finally, the performance of the proposed sensing solution is analysed through FFT graphs and spectrogram plot taken for 8 hours. The results showed that the proposed sensing solution was capable of achieving high resolution in the frequency domain of the wide band measured which implies that wide bands with heterogenous signals like the ISM band can be accurately resolved and analysed.

A Dynamic Threshold Optimization Algorithm for Spectrum Sensing with Energy Detection in Cognitive Radio

2012 ◽  
Vol 236-237 ◽  
pp. 917-922
Author(s):  
Wei Ran Wang ◽  
Shu Bin Wang ◽  
Xin Yan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Dynamic Threshold ◽  
Threshold Optimization ◽  
Sensing Performance

In order to improve an efficiency of energy detection for a spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR), this paper proposes a dynamic threshold optimization algorithm. The traditional energy detection algorithm uses a fixed threshold, and can't guarantee always the optimal sensing performance in any environment. The improvement for sensing performance need to minimize the undetected probability and the probability of false alarm, and it is dissimilar for different CR users to accept these two errors. We improve the traditional energy detection algorithm, and firstly introduce a preference factor to characterize CR users’ different requirements for these two errors, then, propose a dynamic threshold optimization algorithm by minimizing integrated detection error for different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces the integrated spectrum sensing error, and increases the probability of detection, especially in low SNR.

scholarly journals DWT Based Energy Detection Spectrum Sensing Method for Cognitive Radio System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Muntaser S. Falih ◽  
Hikmat N. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Detection Probability ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Processed Sample ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Sensing Time

In this paper a new blind energy detection spectrum-sensing method based on Discreet Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed. The method utilizes the DWT sub-band to collects the received energy. The proposed method recognizes the Primary User (PU) signal from noise only signal using the differences in the collected energy in first and last sub-bands of one level DWT. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves improved detection probability especially at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) compared to Conventional Energy Detector (CED). The results also show that the proposed method has shorter sensing time and less Energy Consumption (EC) compared to CED due to using small number of processed sample. Therefore, this method is suitable for Cognitive Radio (CR) applications where only limited energy like device battery is available.

An Overview of the Different Principal Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive Radio Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347
Author(s):  
Asmaa Maali ◽  
Hayat Semlali ◽  
Sara Laafar ◽  
Najib Boumaaz ◽  
Abdallah Soulmani
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Matched Filter ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Operational Characteristic ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Maximum Eigenvalue ◽  
Smoothing Factor

Cognitive radio is a technology proposed to increase the effective use of the spectrum. This can be done through the main function of cognitive radio technology, which is the spectrum sensing. In our work, we propose an analysis of the following spectrum sensing techniques: the matched filter detector, the cyclostationary feature detector, the energy detector and the maximum eigenvalue detector. More attention is given to blind sensing techniques that they do not need any knowledge of the primary user signal characteristics, namely the energy detection and maximum eigenvalue detection. These methods are evaluated in terms of Receiver Operational Characteristic curves and detection probability for various values of Signal to Noise Ratio based on Monte Carlo simulations, using MATLAB. As a result of this study, we found that the energy detection offers a good performance only for high SNR. Furthermore, with the maximum eigenvalue detector, the noise uncertainty problem encountered by the energy detection is solved when the value of the smoothing factor L ≥ 8 and. Finally, a summary of the comparative analysis is presented.

scholarly journals Performance of p-Norm Detector in Cognitive Radio Networks with Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Presence of Malicious Users

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Lavanis ◽  
Devendra Jalihal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Probability Of False Alarm ◽  
Standard Energy

A cognitive radio network (CRN) with a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme is considered. This CRN has a primary user and multiple secondary users, some of which are malicious secondary users (MSUs). Energy detection at each SU is performed using a p-norm detector with p≥2, where p=2 corresponds to the standard energy detector. The MSUs are capable of perpetrating spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks. At the fusion center (FC), an algorithm is used to suppress these MSUs which could be either an adaptive weighing algorithm or one of the following: Tietjen-Moore (TM) test or Peirce’s criterion. This is followed by computation of a test statistic (TS) which is a random variable. In this paper, we assume TS to have either a Gamma or a Gaussian distribution and calculate the threshold accordingly. We provide closed-form expressions of probability of false alarm and probability of miss-detection under both assumptions. We show that Gaussian assumption of TS is more suited in presence of an SSDF attack when compared with the Gamma assumption. We also compare the detection performance for various values of p and show that p=3 along with the Gaussian assumption is the best amongst all the cases considered.

scholarly journals Relay Assisted Spectrum Sensing in Presence of IQ Imbalance in Multi-Channel System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaresh Kumar Sahu ◽  
Arunanshu Mahapatro ◽  
Radheshyam Patra
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Access ◽  
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Robust Detection ◽  
Spectrum Holes

Abstract The increasing demand of wireless technology leads to a need for dynamic spectrum access that is positively accomplished by cognitive radio (CR) technology. For its acceptable efficiency it needs a robust detection scheme which detect the spectrum holes. This paper investigates a cooperative spectrum sensing method for a relay-based cognitive radio network. In general relay is a low cost device and is more prone to hardware impairment such as In-phase and Quadrature-phase Imbalance (IQI), which can considerably limit the capabilities of sensing spectrum holes. This work studies the energy detection (ED) based spectrum sensing in multi-channel receiver scenarios that are affected by IQI. The detection and false alarm probabilities considering Gaussian primary user signal models are derived. Our results are simulation based and verified with theoretical findings.

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