The Similarity and Difference in the theory of poetry creation Hu yinglin and Wang Shizhen

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 309-327
Author(s):  
Ding-hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Similarity And Difference

Effects of Accounting-Method Choices on Subjective Performance-Measure Weighting Decisions: Experimental Evidence on Precision and Error Covariance

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjani Krishnan ◽  
Joan L. Luft ◽  
Michael D. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Error Covariance ◽  
Psychology Theory ◽  
Optimal Weighting ◽  
Similarity And Difference

Performance-measure weights for incentive compensation are often determined subjectively. Determining these weights is a cognitively difficult task, and archival research shows that observed performance-measure weights are only partially consistent with the predictions of agency theory. Ittner et al. (2003) have concluded that psychology theory can help to explain such inconsistencies. In an experimental setting based on Feltham and Xie (1994), we use psychology theories of reasoning to predict distinctive patterns of similarity and difference between optimal and actual subjective performance-measure weights. The following predictions are supported. First, in contrast to a number of prior studies, most individuals' decisions are significantly influenced by the performance measures' error variance (precision) and error covariance. Second, directional errors in the use of these measurement attributes are relatively frequent, resulting in a mean underreaction to an accounting change that alters performance measurement error. Third, individuals seem insufficiently aware that a change in the accounting for one measure has spillover effects on the optimal weighting of the other measure in a two-measure incentive system. In consequence, they make performance-measure weighting decisions that are likely to result in misallocations of agent effort.

scholarly journals Formalism and Hilbert’s understanding of consistency problems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Detlefsen
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Consistency Proof ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
Consistency Problem ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Similarity And Difference ◽  
Traditional Understanding

AbstractFormalism in the philosophy of mathematics has taken a variety of forms and has been advocated for widely divergent reasons. In Sects. 1 and 2, I briefly introduce the major formalist doctrines of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These are what I call empirico-semantic formalism (advocated by Heine), game formalism (advocated by Thomae) and instrumental formalism (advocated by Hilbert). After describing these views, I note some basic points of similarity and difference between them. In the remainder of the paper, I turn my attention to Hilbert’s instrumental formalism. My primary aim there will be to develop its formalist elements more fully. These are, in the main, (i) its rejection of the axiom-centric focus of traditional model-construction approaches to consistency problems, (ii) its departure from the traditional understanding of the basic nature of proof and (iii) its distinctively descriptive or observational orientation with regard to the consistency problem for arithmetic. More specifically, I will highlight what I see as the salient points of connection between Hilbert’s formalist attitude and his finitist standard for the consistency proof for arithmetic. I will also note what I see as a significant tension between Hilbert’s observational approach to the consistency problem for arithmetic and his expressed hope that his solution of that problem would dispense with certain epistemological concerns regarding arithmetic once and for all.

Cult, Countenance, and Community: Donor Portraits from the Colonial Andes

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Stanfield-Mazzi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similarity And Difference

AbstractThe article outlines the nature of the donor portrait, including its origins in Europe and its manifestations in Spanish colonial Peru. Then it considers three paintings featuring donor portraits and the miraculous statue known as Christ of the Earthquakes (El Señor de los Temblores). An introduction to the original statue, housed in the Cathedral of Cusco, and its cult is provided. Then the portraits are analyzed for the ways in which they express both similarity and difference. On one hand, the works served to unite the donors as pious Christians within the wider devotional community of Cusco; on the other hand, the works’ details served to distinguish and differentiate the donors based on their particular social and ethnic identities.

Cultural and communicative formulae as a reflection of the concepts of culture as an expression of the spiritual content of civilizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Alekseevna Zavyalova
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similarity And Difference ◽  
And Behavior

The analysis of civilizational pictures of the world through the prism of linguistic universals allows one to reveal the general and the particular in the «human — world» system, which contributes to a more complete understanding of their cultural semantics. Cultural standards vary across civilizations. Their description on the material of multi-structural, genetically heterogeneous languages, civilizations and cultures makes it possible to reveal the common foundations of people's social life despite the fact that their cultural codes are different, often creating the impression of a complete incompatibility of the thinking and behavior of their representatives. Therefore, studies based on the description of fundamentally dissimilar civilizations and cultures, demonstrating the groundlessness of such impressions, are relevant. The article examines cultural and communicative formulae as a reflection of the civilizational pictures of the world. Cultural and communicative formulae (CCF) are defined by the author as the simplest, stable, high-frequency units of culture used at all levels of social and cultural life, which, being a combination of signs, compactly represent the culture in its similarity and difference with other cultures and make it possible to establish a dialogue of cultures in minimum of data involved. CCF provide communication through verbal forms of language, gestures, styles, etc., i.e. through all cultural forms that can be translated into signs of a given culture and are sufficient to have a minimal idea of it. The article examines the CCF using the example of concise verbal forms belonging to folk speech, which include proverbs and sayings, «winged words», precedent phrases that are a component of the civilizational picture of the world. The materials of the article may be of interest for preparation at the higher educational institution in the framework of the fields of «Linguistics», «International relations» and «Culturology».

《臺灣蕃人事情》報告與日治初期官方原住民教育政策的形成

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (35) ◽  
pp. 065-080
Author(s):  
張耀宗 張耀宗
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Education System ◽  
Indigenous Education ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Official Report ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Similarity And Difference ◽  
Appropriate Education

<p>本文主要目的在於從《臺灣蕃人事情》報告，來看日治初期官方原住民教育政策之形成。《臺灣蕃人事情》是民政部事務囑託伊能嘉矩和粟野傳之丞呈給民政長官後藤新平的覆命書，此覆命書係為實施蕃人教育預作準備。本書大部分內容由人類學調查所組成，可作為從人類學的角度看待教育的特殊視角。在蕃人教育措施準備上，覆命書中提及針對各族原住民「開化發達」的程度不同，給予適當之教育措施。對照日本總督府隨後原住民教育政策之發展，覆命書確實有其若合符節之處，也有差異之處。會有差異之處的原因，在於殖產部門所管轄的原住民區域，發展出與文教部門不同的原住民教育措施。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>The main purpose of this article is to analyze the relation between the formation of the official indigenous education policy in the early period of Japanese colony and the report &ldquo;The History and Custom of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples &quot;. &ldquo;The History and Custom of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples &ldquo;was the official report for the Chief of the Civil Affairs, Goto Shinpei, by two officials of Department of Civil Affairs, Ino　Kanori and Suo Chuanji. The purpose of survey was the preparations for educating indigenous peoples. Most part of this report was based on field study, which could help to see education from an anthropological perspective. For establishing an education system for indigenous peoples, it divided to the different levels of civilization of each different ethnic group of indigenous peoples, and then gave each an appropriate education. Comparing the subsequent development of the indigenous education system that Taiwan Governor’s Office of Japanese initiated, it found there were some similarity and difference between the official report and the practical policy. The reason for the difference based on the development of indigenous educational policy that was different from the educational unit in the indigenous areas under the jurisdiction of the developmental department.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

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