scholarly journals The Role of IPR in Plant Genetic Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Abhishek Rajesh Bhattacharjee ◽  
Shreya Das ◽  
Stuti Aastha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Plant Genetic Engineering ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants

The role and status of Patent laws in the protection of plant species which have been genetically modified is currently uncertain in India. Discussions and debates regarding the same are rife and experts have different views regarding the whole aspect concerning economical and ethical considerations. Genetically engineered plants and modified crop plants are of significant economic value. In India, they face critical challenges, for instance, the requirement of dependable public policies and vigorous frameworks for regulatory control. This becomes much more vital since India desires to be an economic superpower primarily based on innovation. It is very important for a person from the legal field, especially those interested in the field of IPR, to have clarity regarding the protection of genetically modified plants. This humble attempt at a research paper seeks to clarify the same and discusses the various aspects on which one should think while concluding their views on the topic.

Genetic Engineering and Editing of Plants: An Analysis of New and Persisting Questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 659-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mackelprang ◽  
Peggy G. Lemaux
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Molecular Biology Technique ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
New Science ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
Or Genes

Genetic engineering is a molecular biology technique that enables a gene or genes to be inserted into a plant's genome. The first genetically engineered plants were grown commercially in 1996, and the most common genetically engineered traits are herbicide and insect resistance. Questions and concerns have been raised about the effects of these traits on the environment and human health, many of which are addressed in a pair of 2008 and 2009 Annual Review of Plant Biology articles. As new science is published and new techniques like genome editing emerge, reanalysis of some of these issues, and a look at emerging issues, is warranted. Herein, an analysis of relevant scientific literature is used to present a scientific perspective on selected topics related to genetic engineering and genome editing.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Importance of Bacterial Elements for Plant Genetic Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
da Cunha NB ◽  
◽  
Leite ML ◽  
de Loiola Costa LS ◽  
Cunha VA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Plant Genetic Engineering ◽  
Bacterial Plasmids ◽  
Industry Sectors

Plant genetic engineering is one of the most important aspects of biotechnology applied to plant systems. The stable introduction of exogenous genetic material in plant cells is a determining step for obtaining transgenic plants. In this context, bacteria are crucial for the development of transgenic plants. Gene cloning often involves the use of bacterial plasmids and DNAmodifying enzymes synthesized in genetically modified bacteria. In addition, among the several methods of introducing genes into plants, the method that uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens continues to be used to obtain genetically modified plants for the agricultural, pharmaceutical and materials industry sectors. This minireview aims to present the basic aspects of bacterial elements related gene manipulation for obtaining transgenic plants.

scholarly journals RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-603
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hai Ha ◽  
Pham Le Bich Hang ◽  
Nong Van Hai ◽  
Le Thi Thu Hien
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
The Us

The status of research, development and application of genetic technology in the US has been reflected through efforts and accomplishments in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture in the past decades. In the area of medicine, the field of therapeutic purposes on human is the pioneer, in which gene therapy is attempted to carry out in various clinical trials. Diagnostic applications of human diseases which focus primarily on infectious diseases, cancer, pharmacogenomics and screening for inherited diseases by using molecular techniques related to PCR, next generation sequencing are followed. In addition, preparatory studies on human cells utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology have been undertaken in hopes of finding new treatments for cancer and rare form of eye disorder. In the field of agriculture, many large companies in the US have been developing varieties of genetically modified crops with traits of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, drought resistance and nutrition enhancement. Among the biotech crops, proportion of planted acres of genetically engineered soybean, corn and cotton were increased rapidly and forecasted to expand in the coming years. Studies on generating genetically modified animals and fisheries have also been concentrated in order to not only resist diseases, enhance nutrition, but also provide pharmaceutical compounds. Application of new gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 on plants and animals help biotech products have more opportunities to be approved for commercial sale in the US market. In general, although the research and application of genetic engineering in the US has outstripped worldwide, numerous obstacles are still encountered due to serious ethical regulations and controversy regarding to human health and environment. The US government continues to establish suitable policies and invest in science and technology to improve the quality of human life.

Biotechnology: A Solution for Improving Nutrient Bioavailability

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. King
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
Selection For

Biotechnology strategies are now available to improve the amount and availability of nutrients in plant crops. Those strategies include simple plant selection for varieties with high nutrient density in the seeds, cross-breeding for incorporating a desired trait within a plant, and genetic engineering to manipulate the nutrient content of the plant. In plant cross-breeding, all genes of the parent plants are combined and the progeny have both desirable and undesirable traits. To eliminate undesirable traits, plant breeders «back-cross» the new plant varieties with other plants over several generations. This technique, called hybridization, has been used to create varieties of low-phytate corn, barley, and rice. Using the techniques of genetic engineering, the gene(s) encoding for a desired trait(s) in a plant are introduced in a precise and controlled manner within a relatively short period of time. Golden rice, containing carotenoids, and rice with higher amounts of iron, are two examples of genetically engineered plants for improved nutrition. Genetic engineering has tremendous potential for revolutionizing nutrition. However, public concerns regarding safety, appearance, and ethics must be overcome before these products can be effectively introduced into the food supply.

Analysis of the Glycine max role of Syntaxin (SYP22) in resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weasam A R Aljaafri ◽  
Fadhal A Al-fadhal ◽  
Ameera Naji Hussein Al-jouburi
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Rotylenchulus Reniformis ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Pi 548402 ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Syntaxin proteins are involved in the process of membrane fusion. G. max syntaxin genes (Gm-SYP22-3, and GmSYP22-4) that were similar in amino acid composition have been found to contribute to the ability of Glycine max to defend itselffrom infection by the plant- parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis. The Gm-SYP22-3and Gm-SYP22-4 genes were expressed in root cells (syncytia) undergoing a resistant reaction while not being expressed in control cells. The Gm-SYP22-3 and Gm-SYP22-4 genes have been isolated from genetically engineered in G. max [Williams 82/PI518671], a genotype typically susceptible to R. reniformis parasitism. Genetically engineered plants in G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] that lack the overexpression of Gm-SYP22-3 or Gm-SYP22-4 genes have also been produced to serve as a control. The transgenic Gm-SYP22-3 or Gm-SYP22-4 overexpression lines with their pRAP15 control have then been infected with R. reniformis. Infection was allowed to proceed for 30 days. At the end of the 30-day life span, R. reniformisstages were extracted from the soil and eggs from the roots, enumerated and compared to control plants. Plants overexpressing Gm-SYP22-3 or Gm-SYP22-4 had suppressed R. reniformis. In contrast, the gene expression levels of Gm-SYP22-3 and Gm-SYP22-4 were reduced in transgenic lines engineered for their RNA interference (RNAi) in G. max [Peking/PI 548402], a genotype normally resistant to R. reniformis. In comparison to genetically engineered control G. max [Peking/PI 548402] lines, RNAi of Gm-SYP22-3 or Gm-SYP22-4 resulted in an increase in parasitism in the normally R. reniformis resistant G. max [Peking/PI 548402].

scholarly journals The biosecurity benefits of genetic engineering attribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Lewis ◽  
Jacob L. Jordan ◽  
David A. Relman ◽  
Gregory D. Koblentz ◽  
Jade Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Genetic Sequence ◽  
Biological Event ◽  
Security Challenge ◽  
Forensic Tools

AbstractBiology can be misused, and the risk of this causing widespread harm increases in step with the rapid march of technological progress. A key security challenge involves attribution: determining, in the wake of a human-caused biological event, who was responsible. Recent scientific developments have demonstrated a capability for detecting whether an organism involved in such an event has been genetically modified and, if modified, to infer from its genetic sequence its likely lab of origin. We believe this technique could be developed into powerful forensic tools to aid the attribution of outbreaks caused by genetically engineered pathogens, and thus protect against the potential misuse of synthetic biology.

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