scholarly journals The Internet of Bodies: The Human Body as an Efficient and Secure Wireless Channel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Celik ◽  
Ahmed Eltawil
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Rf Systems ◽  
Technology Governance ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Operational Frequency

<div>Taking a cue from the Internet of Things, the Internet of Bodies (IoB) can be defined as a network of smart objects placed in, on, and around the human body, allowing for intra- and inter-body communications. This position paper aims to provide a glimpse into the opportunities created by implantable, injectable, ingestible, and wearable IoB devices. The paper starts with a thorough discussion of application-specific design goals, technical challenges, and enabling of communication standards. We discuss the reason that the highly radiative nature of radio frequency (RF) systems results in inefficient systems due to over-extended coverage that causes interference and becomes susceptible to eavesdropping. Body channel communication (BCC) presents an attractive, alternative wireless technology by inherently coupling signals to the human body, resulting in highly secure and efficient communications. The conductive nature of body tissues yields a better channel quality, while the BCC's operational frequency range (1-100 kHz) eliminates the need for radio front-ends. State-of-the-art BCC transceivers can reach several tens of Mbps data rates at pJ/b energy efficiency levels that support IoB devices and applications. Furthermore, as the cyber and biological worlds meet, security risks and privacy concerns take center stage, leading to a discussion of the multi-faceted legal, societal, ethical, and political issues related to technology governance.</div>

scholarly journals The Internet of Bodies: The Human Body as an Efficient and Secure Wireless Channel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Celik ◽  
Ahmed Eltawil
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Rf Systems ◽  
Technology Governance ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Operational Frequency

<div>Taking a cue from the Internet of Things, the Internet of Bodies (IoB) can be defined as a network of smart objects placed in, on, and around the human body, allowing for intra- and inter-body communications. This position paper aims to provide a glimpse into the opportunities created by implantable, injectable, ingestible, and wearable IoB devices. The paper starts with a thorough discussion of application-specific design goals, technical challenges, and enabling of communication standards. We discuss the reason that the highly radiative nature of radio frequency (RF) systems results in inefficient systems due to over-extended coverage that causes interference and becomes susceptible to eavesdropping. Body channel communication (BCC) presents an attractive, alternative wireless technology by inherently coupling signals to the human body, resulting in highly secure and efficient communications. The conductive nature of body tissues yields a better channel quality, while the BCC's operational frequency range (1-100 kHz) eliminates the need for radio front-ends. State-of-the-art BCC transceivers can reach several tens of Mbps data rates at pJ/b energy efficiency levels that support IoB devices and applications. Furthermore, as the cyber and biological worlds meet, security risks and privacy concerns take center stage, leading to a discussion of the multi-faceted legal, societal, ethical, and political issues related to technology governance.</div>

scholarly journals Efficient OFDM transceiver design for VLC sys-tems in fading channel

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.8) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Jayakumari J ◽  
Rakhi K J
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Fading Channel ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Communication Security ◽  
Rf Systems ◽  
High Data ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Rich Spectrum

With the widespread effective usage of LEDs the visible light communication (VLC) system has brought out an increasing interest in the field of wireless communication recently. VLC is envisioned to be an appealing substitute to RF systems because of the advantages of LEDs such as high communication security, rich spectrum, etc. For achieving bearable inter symbol interference (ISI) and high data rates, OFDM can be employed in VLC. In this paper, the performance of VLC system with popular unipolar versions of OFDM viz. Flip-OFDM and ACO-OFDM is analyzed in fading channels. From the simulation results it is seen that the Flip-OFDM-VLC system outperforms the ACO-OFDM-VLC system in terms of bit error rate and is well suited for future 5G applications.

Ultrasonic intra-body communication using semi-guided waves through human body tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. A31-A31
Author(s):  
John O. Gerguis ◽  
Mayukh Nath ◽  
Shreyas Sen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Guided Waves ◽  
Body Tissues

scholarly journals Pendeteksian Bagian Tubuh Manusia untuk Filter Pornografi dengan Metode Viola-Jones

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Benny Senjaya ◽  
Alexander A. S. Gunawan ◽  
Jerry Pratama Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Image Features ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Cascade Classifier ◽  
Integral Image ◽  
Desktop Application ◽  
Boosting Algorithm ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Complete Framework

Information Technology does help people to get information promptly anytime and anywhere. Unfortunately, the information gathered from the Internet does not always come out positive. Some information can be destructive, such as porn images. To mitigate this problem, the study aims to create a desktop application that could detect parts of human body which can be expanded in the future to become an image filter application for pornography. The detection methodology in this study is Viola-Jones method which provides a complete framework for extracting and recognizing image features. A combination of Viola-Jones method with Haar-like features, integral image, boosting algorithm, and cascade classifier provide a robust detector for the application. First, several parts of the human body are chosen to be detected as the data training using the Viola-Jones method. Then, another set of images (similar body parts but different images) are run through the application to be recognized. The result shows 86.25% of successful detection. The failures are identified and show that the inputted data are completely different with the data training.

TT virus has a ubiquitous diffusion in human body tissues: analyses of paired serum and tissue samples

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pollicino ◽  
G. Raffa ◽  
G. Squadrito ◽  
L. Costantino ◽  
I. Cacciola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tt Virus ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Paired Serum

The EU's Use of the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 774-783
Author(s):  
J. Shahin
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
European Level ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

The European Union (EU) has been one of the leading lights concerning Internet use in dealing with other public administrations and citizens. This article will argue that e-government has meant that the European Commission has been able to promote a virtual arena for pan-European activity, which has promoted action at the national and local levels in the EU. In the first instance, this article will deal with how the European Commission uses the Internet to attempt to improve its own relationship with both national public administrations and citizens in terms of the European policy-making process. Although the Internet is perceived as aiding public administrations in information and service provision, which helps to deliver better governance from an institutional governance perspective, a focus on this would only tell one half of the story. Increasing democratic participation and regaining trust in the political system at large is also an important issue for public bodies such as the European Commission to address, and this is not merely a technical process. These technical (efficiency, etc.) and democratic stages are two key parts in the process of developing an information and communication technology (ICT)-based governance agenda in the EU. In order to outline the process, this article deals with four different aspects of the European Commission’s e-policies. It makes reference to the following: 1. The Commission’s information provision, through the EU’s Europa (II) Web server; 2. The way in which the Commission has tried to interact with citizens, using interactive policy making (IPM); 3. The e Commission initiative; and 4. The way in which the Commission links member-state public administrations together, through the IDA(BC) programme. This article reveals the increasing coherence of the European Commission’s approach to using the Internet in institutional affairs. Although the Commission’s approach to using the Internet for governance was initially unstable and ad hoc, by the turn of the century, all efforts had converged around the political issues of institutional reform and better governance. This has been further enhanced by the application of the open method of coordination as one of the tools of EU governance, which has enabled the Commission to take a more informal role in implementing e-government strategies at the pan-European level. This article does not attempt to define e-government at the European level nor does it go into policy areas concerning e-government (such as research, socioeconomic inclusion, improving competitiveness, or specific e-government policy developed by the European Commission), but will contribute to a greater understanding of how the EU itself has used the Internet to promote an e-government agenda that is affecting all public administrations.

Adaptive Transmission of Multimedia Data over UMTS

2007 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
A. Alexiou
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Mobile User ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Multimedia Services ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

As communications technology is being developed, users’ demand for multimedia services raises. Meanwhile, the Internet has enjoyed tremendous growth in recent years. Consequently, there is a great interest in using the IP-based networks to provide multimedia services. One of the most important areas in which the issues are being debated is the development of standards for the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). UMTS constitutes the third generation of cellular wireless networks which aims to provide high-speed data access along with real-time voice calls. Wireless data is one of the major boosters of wireless communications and one of the main motivations of the next-generation standards. Bandwidth is a valuable and limited resource for UMTS and every wireless network in general. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to exploit this resource in the most efficient way. Consequently, when a user experiences a streaming video, there should be enough bandwidth available at any time for any other application that the mobile user might need. In addition, when two different applications run together, the network should guarantee that there is no possibility for any of the above-mentioned applications to prevail against the other by taking all the available channel bandwidth. Since Internet applications adopt mainly TCP as the transport protocol, while streaming applications mainly use RTP, the network should guarantee that RTP does not prevail against the TCP traffic. This means that there should be enough bandwidth available in the wireless channel for the Internet applications to run properly.

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