scholarly journals Spinal cord pathways

2020 ◽  
pp. S40-S44
Author(s):  
M Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
System Knowledge

The spinal cord is the primary pathway of communication between the brain and peripheral nervous system. Knowledge of the spinal cord anatomy and recognition of typical common spinal cord syndromes are important as many of these diseases have a predilection for targeting specific areas or tracts within the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Sampling and Evaluating the Peripheral Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Test Article ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Many preclinical investigations limit the evaluation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to paraffin-embedded sections/hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of the sciatic nerve. This limitation ignores several key mechanisms of toxicity and anatomic differences that may interfere with an accurate assessment of test article effects on the neurons/neurites peripheral to the brain and spinal cord. Ganglion neurons may be exposed to higher concentrations of the test article as compared to neurons in the brain or spinal cord due to differences in capillary permeability. Many peripheral neuropathies are length-dependent, meaning distal nerves may show morphological changes before they are evident in the mid-sciatic nerve. Paraffin-embedded nerves are not optimal to assess myelin changes, notably those leading to demyelination. Differentiating between axonal or myelin degeneration may not be possible from the examination of paraffin-embedded sections. A sampling strategy more consistent with known mechanisms of toxicity, atraumatic harvest of tissues, optimized fixation, and the use of resin and paraffin-embedded sections will greatly enhance the pathologist’s ability to observe and characterize effects in the PNS.

Beyond the brain: Optogenetic control in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (337) ◽  
pp. 337rv5-337rv5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Montgomery ◽  
Shrivats M. Iyer ◽  
Amelia J. Christensen ◽  
Karl Deisseroth ◽  
Scott L. Delp
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Optogenetic Control

scholarly journals Pathological and anatomical changes in the nervous system of dogs in case of arsenic poisoning

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
A. A. Tsvetaev
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Positive Answer ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Arsenic Poisoning ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
The Brain

A positive answer to this topic was given in 1882 by prof. N. M. Popov in his dissertation: "Materials for science on acute mellitic toxic origin". He asserts that, first of all, the nerve cells (of the spinal cord) come to a state of turbid swelling and vacuolization. Both of these processes can lead them to complete destruction: the first, through the transition to a bland, spreading formation, the second, through an increase in the vacuole. Finally, in the late period, there is a pigment atrophy, which destroys all the cells, the improvement from the previous changes. The intensity of the process is determined by the greater or lesser proximity of the vessel .... In all likelihood, the author says, the brain also changes here. With the same positivity, the suffering of the peripheral nervous system is excluded in this work.

Neuroembryology and Development of the Nervous System

2017 ◽  
pp. 9-46
Author(s):  
Eduardo E. Benarroch ◽  
Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory ◽  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
System P ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The study of neuroscience begins with a survey of the embryonic development of the nervous system because it provides a framework and background for understanding the anatomy and function of the nervous system in the adult. The eventual location and connectivity of the structures in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system reflect the orderly development of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Razi and his Concepts on Bone and Joint Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 624-628
Author(s):  
Ahmadreza Afshar ◽  
Ali Tabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Necrotic Bone ◽  
Fracture Management ◽  
Painful Hip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Large Vessels

This brief review presents Razi’s concepts of bone and joint disorders. Razi differentiated between ligaments, tendons, and nerves and recognized the role of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system in the perception of senses and voluntary movements. He described paralysis and loss of sensation following brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system injuries. Razi presented an early concept of compartment syndrome. Razi’s approach to fracture management is very similar to the current concept of functional bracing for some fractures. Razi mentioned suturing the wounds and ligation of bleeding large vessels. He cautioned about phlebotomy in the antecubital fossa as it may become complicated by the adjacent arterial and nerve injuries. Razi treated osteomyelitis by removing the infected and necrotic bone by sawing, cutting, and rasping. He also documented arthralgia, painful hip, and sciatic pain and made a sharp distinction between arthralgia and gout. He indicated the gout origin as the production of a waste substance that the body fails to expel. Razi’s basic concepts on the bone and joint disorders established a foundation for modern orthopedic science.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

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