scholarly journals Esensi dan Relevansi Teologi Reformasi

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
Daniel Lucas Lukito
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin

Menurut kronologi sejarah, gereja Protestan mulai bereksistensi pada peristiwa Reformasi abad ke-16. Sekalipun ketika itu Martin Luther—dan juga kemudian John Calvin—menentang ajaran gereja Katolik Roma, mereka tidak bermaksud mendirikan gereja yang baru. Tujuan dari Reformasi itu sendiri adalah untuk menyerukan sebuah amanat agar gereja kembali kepada dasar ajaran dan misi yang sesungguhnya; gereja disadarkan dan dibangunkan agar berpaling pada raison d’etre dan vitalitasnya di bawah terang Injil. … Tulisan ini mencoba melihat teologi Reformasi dari segi hakikat/esensinya serta kaitan/relevansinya dengan iman Kristen pada masa kini. Karena keterbatasan ruang, penulis lebih banyak memfokuskan pembahasan pada pandangan J. Calvin (1509-1564) tentang esensi Reformasi itu sendiri, karena di dalam pemikiran Calvin-lah kita dapat menemukan pemikiran dasar tentang teologi Reformasi dalam struktur yang lebih mendalam dan sistematis.

Liberty and Religion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Gatti
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
The Will ◽  
Theological Thinking

This chapter addresses the question of liberty in sixteenth-century religious debates. It first takes a look at the discussion between the Augustinian friar Martin Luther and Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam concerning the freedom of the will. The chapter then turns to the theological thinking of John Calvin and the reintroduction into the Protestant world of the notion of heresy. Hereafter the chapter details the circumstances surrounding the dramatic rupture between the friar Giordano Bruno and the Dominican order, including the philosophical doctrines which eventually landed him in the Inquisition. Finally, this chapter follows up on Bruno's insights through the commentary of theologians Richard Hooker and Jacob Harmensz, who is more widely known as Jacobus Arminius.

What Christianity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Kathleen Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Great Awakening ◽  
First Great Awakening ◽  
Christian Perspective ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Political Right

This chapter teases out many strands of Christian thought that inform the “Christian perspective” these curricula bring to bear in narrating history. It contends that they are unequivocally but narrowly Protestant. They reflect fundamental tenets of Martin Luther and John Calvin but incorporate facets of evangelicalism’s history from the eighteenth-century First Great Awakening to the present. Although the publishers do not acknowledge it, their understanding of “Christian” reflects every important evolution of evangelicalism and the battles fought both within that tradition and with external foes. The chapter highlights the broad variety of religious ideas contributing to these curricula’s undifferentiated “Christianity,” including providentialism, millennialism, and fundamentalism as well as narrower, minority religious views, notably dispensationalism, dominionism, and Christian Reconstructionism. These minority views were influential in shaping the contemporary alliance of the religious and political right.

scholarly journals Zwalczanie kultu obrazów w dobie reformacji

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Maria Gołda-Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Reformation

The rejection and destruction of images, which was so characteristic of the iconoclastic movement of Eastern Christianity, was revived in the Reformation period. The theoretical foundation for this movement was provided by Erasmus of Rotterdam and it was later fully developed by Martin Luther, John Calvin and their successors. This movement had its origins in theology but also there were social and even national roots (in the Netherlands). The position developed during the Reformation period seems to have made an impression on the reception of works of art by the contemporaries not only in Protestant circles but in Catholic ones as well.

scholarly journals ESPIRITUALIDADES PLURAIS DA REFORMA

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Cláudio Oliveira Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Creation

RESUMO: A pesquisa centrou-se na análise do percurso teológico da Reforma Protestante, enfatizando a pluralidade dela, as visões politicamente distintas entre seus protagonistas como Martinho Lutero, João Calvino e Thomas Müntzer, e as práticas e espiritualidades igualmente distintas até os dias de hoje. Metodologicamente, seguimos a noção da história como interpretação e o potencial criativo dos entre-lugares culturais, valorizando os aspectos utópicos que possam ser reforçados pela avaliação histórica. Os resultados da pesquisa destacaram alguns desses aspectos como: (i) o valor teológico da dimensão ecumênica, (ii) os processos de renovação eclesial, dentro e fora do contexto protestante, (iii) a criação e o fortalecimento de vida comunitária e crítica, dentro dos parâmetros teológicos da Reforma. Eles devem ser analisados levando-se em consideração as peculiaridades do contexto brasileiro e latino-americano em geral em suas diferentes dimensões.ABSTRACT: The research focused on the analysis of the theological path of the Protestant Reformation, highlighting its plurality, the varied political views among its protagonists, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Thomas Müntzer, and the equally different practices and spiritualities of today. Methodologically we followed the notion of history as interpretation and the creative potential of the cultural in-between places, valuing the utopian aspects that might be reinforced by the historical evaluation. The research results highlighted some of these aspects, such as (i) the theological value of the ecumenical dimension, (ii) the processes of ecclesial renewal, inside and outside the Protestant context, and (iii) the creation and strengthening of community life, within the theological parameters of the Reformation. They are to be analyzed taking into consideration the peculiarities of Brazilian and Latin American contexts in their varied dimensions.

scholarly journals Jana Kalwina zarys nauki o Kościele w świetle Institutio Religionis Christianae z 1543r.

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Wodziński
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
German Reich ◽  
Eternal Salvation ◽  
The Church

One of the main postulates of the reformation movement, apart from the theological questions, was a proposal of the internal reform of the church institution. The Father of the Reformation,as Rev. Martin Luther is called in the source literature, raised the questions concerning the mission of the Church, its role in the magisterium, and also and  perhaps above all its hierarchical structure and about the role of the clergy in the process of the eternal salvation. As a result of his reflections and probably his observations and his own experiences Luther undermined in succession different dogmatic, theological questions as well as those regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Slogans of renewal and reforms of the church structure spread very rapidly through the territory of German Reich, gaining numerous supporters among European nations. One of those for whom the Reformation ideas became the main field of activity was French man John Calvin. That well-rounded, well educated and well-read lawyer, knowing the main works of the German monk, acquired his principal theses postulating the changes in the functioning of the Church. Additionally, Calvin made a division of the Church between the earthly – the visible and the heavenly – the invisible one, and the person who bonds it, guarantees its unity and permanency, the  indivisibility is the only and the highest Priest – Jesus Christ. In the work of his life Institucio Religionis Christianae Calvin embodied a full picture of the Christian Church as, in his opinion, it should be. Analysing particular issues regarding the function of the clergymen, the pope, celebrating the sacraments, penance and conversion, and also the eternal salvation, we are given the basic compendium of knowledge concerning the ecclesiology by John Calvin. His teaching about the Church, although in some points different in from the  preaching of Rev. Martin Luther, however oscillates within the principal slogans of Reformation: Sola Fides –the man is saved solely by faith, Sola Gratia – God’s grace is necessary for salvation, Sola Scriptura – the only source of faith is the Holy Bible. He also added the idea: Solus Christus – only Christ saves, He is in the centre of The Church, we can observe Calvin’s Christ centred attitude in his preaching and in building ideological basics of the reformed denomination.

scholarly journals A ‘Chief Error’ of Protestant Soteriology: Sin in the Justified and Early Modern Catholic Theology

Perichoresis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-72
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Gaetano
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Original Sin ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
Good Works ◽  
The World ◽  
The Catholic Church

AbstractCatholic theologians after Trent saw the Protestant teaching about the remnants of original sin in the justified as one of the ‘chief ’ errors of Protestant soteriology. Martin Luther, John Calvin, Martin Chemnitz, and many Protestant theologians believed that a view of concupiscence as sinful, strictly speaking, did away with any reliance on good works. This conviction also clarified the Christian’s dependence on the imputed righteousness of Christ. Catholic theologians condemned this position as detracting from the work of Christ who takes away the sins of the world. The rejection of this teaching—and the affirmation of Trent’s statement that original sin is taken away and that the justified at baptism is without stain or ‘immaculate’ before God—is essential for understanding Catholic opposition to Protestant soteriology. Two Spanish Dominican Thomists, Domingo de Soto and Bartolomé de Medina, rejected the Protestant teaching on imputation in part because of its connection with the view on the remnants of original sin in the justified. Adrian and Peter van Walenburch, brothers who served as auxiliary bishops of Cologne in the second half of the seventeenth century, argued that the Protestants of their time now agreed with the Catholic Church on a number of soteriological points. They also drew upon some of their post–Tridentine predecessors to offer a Catholic account of the imputation of Christ’s righteousness. Nonetheless, the issue of sin in the justified remained a point of serious controversy.

The Color of Monogamy

Queer Faith ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 69-112
Author(s):  
Melissa E. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Black Female ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Male Friendship ◽  
Modern Slavery ◽  
Racial Hierarchies ◽  
Social Privilege

This chapter examines how an ideal of monogamy helps sustain intersecting gendered and racial hierarchies. Woman of color feminism has long censured the association of female sexual respectability with whiteness and social privilege, but this work generally dates the advent of that association to the establishment of modern slavery and colonialism. William Shakespeare’s sonnets, however, register the development of a fiction of somatic, heritable whiteness as a correlate of respectable sexuality, one disseminated in classical discourses celebrating male friendship and in imperial allegories of sexual conquest. Yet in their depiction of a three-way affair between the poet, a “fair” young man, and a “black” mistress, the sonnets conspicuously fail to cordon off rational and mutual “fair” male friendship from the humiliating enslavement of “black” female appetite. Instead, drawing on the Pauline theory of sin and grace that influenced thinkers from Martin Luther and John Calvin to Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, the sonnets dissolve the oppositions ostensibly embodied by the poet’s “two loves”—agency and passivity, mastery and submission, fidelity and promiscuity, purity and pollution—to imagine intimacies beyond the couple.

Stigmata in an Age of Religious Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 218-248
Author(s):  
Carolyn Muessig
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Holy Women

Chapter 6 turns to the competing views of holiness and religion held by Reforming theologians including Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Theodore Beza, as well as Catholic thinkers like John Fisher, Laurentius Surius, and Louis of Granada. It assesses the shifting sands of the sixteenth century when well-established holy women like Magdalena de la Cruz (d. 1560) were imprisoned as sham stigmatics. It demonstrates that some Catholic and Protestants diverged and at times converged in commenting on Galatians 6:17, revealing a range of responses toward stigmatization, some less predictable than others. Far from disappearing from religious discourse, in the sixteenth century assessments of stigmatics and stigmatization took on renewed energy.

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