Pengaruh Pola Penggunaan Otomotif Angkutan Umum Perkotaan Terhadap Hilangnya Kapasitas Baterai Berbahan Lead Acid Secara Prematur

Abstract – Baterai berbahan Lead Acid (BLA) digunakan pada hampir semua kendaraan termasuk angkutan umum beroda empat. Kecepatan penuaan pada proses penuan BLA sangat dipengaruhi oleh cara penggunaan BLA. Pengisian yang berlebihan, akan mengakibatkan korosi dan mempercepat penguapan air. Bertambahannya siklus pembebanan dalam (depth of discharge), degradasi massa postifif akan terakselerasi. Beberapa kerusakan Selain itu pembebanan yang berlebihan juga akan mengakibatkan lepasnya masa positif dari grid karena proses pembebanan BLA yang melebihi seharusnya. Keawetan BLA pada Angkutan umum perkotaan sangat ditentukan pola penggunaannya. Karakteristik operasional yang sering menuntut kendaraan berhenti akan memiliki pengaruh jenis kerusakan tertentu pada komponen BLA Penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi karakterristikoperasional angkutan perkotaan. Dengan diketahuinya karakteristik operasionalnya maka dapat disiapkan langkah antisipatif dan prediktif dalam hal perawatan dan penggunaan BLA sehingga masa servis BLA akan lebih panjang serta meningkatkan efisiensi biaya para pemilik angkutan perkotaan. Keywords – BLA (Lead Acid Battery), transportasi perkotaan, masa servis BLA Abstract - Lead Acid batteries (BLA) is used for most of all public transport vehicles including four-wheel drive. Speed of aging battery is strongly influenced by operational pattern and maintenance of public transport vihicle. Overcharging, will result in corrosion and accelerate the evaporation of water. With more loading cycles in the (depth of discharge), positive mass degradation will be accelerated. Moreove, excessive load will also result in the release of a positive mass of the grid due to the excessive load can be taken by battery. The durability of the Battery on urban public transportation is also determined patterns of use. For example, operational characteristics a vehicle that often requires stopping would have the effect of certain types of damage to the components of the battery. This study will explore urban transport operational characteristics. By knowing the operational characteristics, a set of procedures can be set up in order to prevent premature loss of battery capacity. By using apropriate predictive maintenance procedure, the life span of battery will be longer, thus will improve the cost efficiency for starter lead acid battery replacement. Keywords – BLA (Lead Acid Battery), urban transport, service life BLA

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Behavior of Traffic Congestion and Public Transport in Eight Large Cities in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4703

Author(s):

Renato Andara ◽

Jesús Ortego-Osa ◽

Melva Inés Gómez-Caicedo ◽

Rodrigo Ramírez-Pisco ◽

Luis Manuel Navas-Gracia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Public Transport ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Control Measures ◽

Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽

Large Cities ◽

Public Data ◽

The Impact

This comparative study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorized mobility in eight large cities of five Latin American countries. Public institutions and private organizations have made public data available for a better understanding of the contagion process of the pandemic, its impact, and the effectiveness of the implemented health control measures. In this research, data from the IDB Invest Dashboard were used for traffic congestion as well as data from the Moovit© public transport platform. For the daily cases of COVID-19 contagion, those published by Johns Hopkins Hospital University were used. The analysis period corresponds from 9 March to 30 September 2020, approximately seven months. For each city, a descriptive statistical analysis of the loss and subsequent recovery of motorized mobility was carried out, evaluated in terms of traffic congestion and urban transport through the corresponding regression models. The recovery of traffic congestion occurs earlier and faster than that of urban transport since the latter depends on the control measures imposed in each city. Public transportation does not appear to have been a determining factor in the spread of the pandemic in Latin American cities.

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00/03454 Understanding the mechanism by which bismuth improves lead-acid battery capacity

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/s0140-6701(00)94527-2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 388

Keyword(s):

Lead Acid Battery ◽

Battery Capacity ◽

Lead Acid

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Charging time influence on dynamic lead acid battery capacity with H2SO4 electrolyte

10.1063/1.5062756 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ghufron ◽

Kurriawan Budi Pranata ◽

Istiroyah Istiroyah ◽

Muhammad Yusmawanto ◽

Nur Khairati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lead Acid Battery ◽

Charging Time ◽

Battery Capacity ◽

Lead Acid

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Opportunity for Improving Lead-Acid Battery Management of Photovoltaic-Genset-Battery Hybrid Power Systems Based on Measured Field Data

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12122237 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2237 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew Swingler ◽

Jordan Torrealba

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Winter Season ◽

Management Approach ◽

Battery Management ◽

Lead Acid Battery ◽

Hybrid Power System ◽

Hybrid Power ◽

Battery Capacity ◽

Battery Bank ◽

Lead Acid

In this communication, the measured behaviour of a lead-acid battery bank within a stand-alone residential solar photovoltaic (PV)-genset-battery hybrid power system in Canada is presented and discussed. In order to capture rare field-based battery performance data, a newly commissioned lead-acid battery bank was equipped with a battery monitoring device capable of logging voltage, current, temperature and amp-hours every 30 s for the life of the battery. The measured data captures a severe loss of battery capacity due to a combination of short-term deep discharge and extended partial state of charge operation—conditions not unusual during winter season PV-genset-battery hybrid power system operation. Subsequent manual override of the system control set points to encourage gradual battery overcharge are shown to recover the lead-acid battery bank’s performance over the following three months. Limitations of the power conversion system’s battery management approach are discussed and a novel closed loop control system for improving lead-acid based PV-genset-battery hybrid system performance is rationalized and proposed for further research.

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World Expo 2010 Promotes the Reduction in Carbon Emissions of Urban Transport

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1826 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 522-524 ◽

pp. 1826-1830

Author(s):

Lin Hui Zeng ◽

Guang Ming Li

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Travel Demand ◽

Demand Management ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Vital Role ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Travel Demand Management

Transport sector is one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Comprehensive countermeasures are needed in cities to mitigate transport GHG emissions. After reviewing green traffic measures that implemented by Shanghai since bidding for Expo 2010, this paper analyzes the achievement that Shanghai has made in carbon mitigation. The results showed that travel demand management and the constrcution public transportation infrastructure promoted by the event played a vital role in promoting mode shift to form public transport oriented traffic system. Carbon emission intensity of Shanghais urban transport declined steadily from 1.66 kg/trip to 1.55 kg/trip. The CO2 reduction attributable to mode shifts amounted to 4.99 million tons. It demonstrated that Shanghai Expo has promoted the city in carbon emission reduction through public transport improvement, new energy vehicles innovation, car growth restriction measures and green commuting initiate.

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Fare inequities in public transit system in Costa Rica

Revista Ingeniería ◽

10.15517/ri.v31i2.45018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 80-97

Author(s):

Cristhian Santiago Quirós Calderón ◽

Jonathan Agüero-Valverde

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Public Transport ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Multilevel Modelling ◽

Random Coefficients ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Transit System ◽

Operational Characteristics ◽

Operational Variables ◽

In Transit

Problems in transit fare equity affect the daily commute of specific groups that depend mostly on public transportation. Previous studies showed that some routes present operational characteristics that increased the price charged to the users. To address this issue, a methodology to identify the routes that have fares much higher than expected, after considering operational parameters, is developed. This paper presents a methodology implemented to evaluate fare inequities in public transport networks. The case study is the bus public transport network in Costa Rica. The evaluation is performed using fare per kilometer as independent variable and operational variables, such as route length, monthly ridership and vehicle occupancy by using cluster analysis and Bayesian multilevel modelling. The results indicate that random coefficients models perform better than independent models for clustered data. Furthermore, the routes with higher differences between observed and estimated (i.e. expected) fares are the ones to be addressed first in individual audits, because these are the routes who charge higher operational costs into the fare, increasing inequity among the population.

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