Neurological aspects of modern drug addiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
B. S. Litvincev ◽  
D. P. Konstantinov ◽  
A. Yu. Efimcev ◽  
A. D. Petrov ◽  
A. V. Fomichev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Examination ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clinical Neurological Examination ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Neurophysiological Assessment ◽  
The Brain

The article presents the results of neurological examination of 95 patients with drug dependence. Neurological symptoms were evaluated comparatively in patients with non-injecting and injecting forms of dependence (n=17 and n=78, respectively). The obtained data of clinical neurological examination were compared with the indicators of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and neurophysiological assessment of the state of peripheral nerves. A comprehensive analysis of the results of the study indicated that chronic intoxication with injecting drugs leads to the development of more pronounced and polymorphic neurological symptoms. It is also necessary to take into account the key role of intoxication in the formation of a cascade of reactions that change the functions of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Integrating additional knowledge into the estimation of graphical models

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunqi Bu ◽  
Johannes Lederer
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Tuning Parameter ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Graphical Modeling ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Neighborhood Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Graphical models such as brain connectomes derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data are considered a prime gateway to understanding network-type processes. We show, however, that standard methods for graphical modeling can fail to provide accurate graph recovery even with optimal tuning and large sample sizes. We attempt to solve this problem by leveraging information that is often readily available in practice but neglected, such as the spatial positions of the measurements. This information is incorporated into the tuning parameter of neighborhood selection, for example, in the form of pairwise distances. Our approach is computationally convenient and efficient, carries a clear Bayesian interpretation, and improves standard methods in terms of statistical stability. Applied to data about Alzheimer’s disease, our approach allows us to highlight the central role of lobes in the connectivity structure of the brain and to identify an increased connectivity within the cerebellum for Alzheimer’s patients compared to other subjects.

scholarly journals Glioma Revisited: From Neurogenesis and Cancer Stem Cells to the Epigenetic Regulation of the Niche

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe de Almeida Sassi ◽  
Algemir Lunardi Brunetto ◽  
Gilberto Schwartsmann ◽  
Rafael Roesler ◽  
Ana Lucia Abujamra
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Aggressive Tumor ◽  
Epigenetic Modulation ◽  
The Brain

Gliomas are the most incident brain tumor in adults. This malignancy has very low survival rates, even when combining radio- and chemotherapy. Among the gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type, and patients frequently relapse or become refractory to conventional therapies. The fact that such an aggressive tumor can arise in such a carefully orchestrated organ, where cellular proliferation is barely needed to maintain its function, is a question that has intrigued scientists until very recently, when the discovery of the existence of proliferative cells in the brain overcame such challenges. Even so, the precise origin of gliomas still remains elusive. Thanks to new advents in molecular biology, researchers have been able to depict the first steps of glioma formation and to accumulate knowledge about how neural stem cells and its progenitors become gliomas. Indeed, GBM are composed of a very heterogeneous population of cells, which exhibit a plethora of tumorigenic properties, supporting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in these tumors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how gliomas initiate and progress, taking into account the role of epigenetic modulation in the crosstalk of cancer cells with their environment.

scholarly journals Entry versus Blockade of Brain Infection following Oral or Intraperitoneal Scrapie Administration: Role of Prion Protein Expression in Peripheral Nerves and Spleen

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Race ◽  
Michael Oldstone ◽  
Bruce Chesebro
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Prion Protein ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Scrapie Infection ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle are probably transmitted by oral or other peripheral routes of infection. While prion protein (PrP) is required for susceptibility, the mechanism of spread of infection to the brain is not clear. Two prominent possibilities include hematogenous spread by leukocytes and neural spread by axonal transport. In the present experiments, following oral or intraperitoneal infection of transgenic mice with hamster scrapie strain 263K, hamster PrP expression in peripheral nerves was sufficient for successful infection of the brain, and cells of the spleen were not required either as a site of amplification or as transporters of infectivity. The role of tissue-specific PrP expression of foreign PrP in interference with scrapie infection was also studied in these transgenic mice. Peripheral expression of heterologous PrP completely protected the majority of mice from clinical disease after oral or intraperitoneal scrapie infection. Such extensive protection has not been seen in earlier studies on interference, and these results suggested that gene therapy with mutant PrP may be effective in preventing TSE diseases.

A Pneumatic Vibrator Created Using Rapid Prototyping Technology for the fMRI Environment

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Soltys ◽  
Sara Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Vibratory Stimulus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neuromotor System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pneumatic Vibrator

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) promises to grant motor control researchers opportunities to more directly explore neuromotor system dynamics including the role of proprioception. The effects of vibration on proprioception have been well documented including changes in perceived muscle length and lengthening velocity and altered muscle spindle organ firing [1–4]. As such, the combination of vibration of the muscle-tendon with fMRI of the brain can be used to better understand how proprioceptive signals are managed in the brain. However, the strength of the magnetic environment of the fMRI does not easily allow for traditional vibration technologies, such as a DC motor with offset mass, to be used to create the necessary vibratory stimulus to perturb the proprioceptive system. Several researchers have nonetheless successfully designed and implemented various vibration devices to probe the brain in the fMRI environment [5–7].

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of peripheral nerves following traumatic lesion: where do we stand?

2016 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Ribeiro Marquez Neto ◽  
Matheus Silva Leite ◽  
Tiago Freitas ◽  
Paulo Mendelovitz ◽  
Eric Arruda Villela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Traumatic Lesion
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