Pain Representations in the Self and Others: A Behavioral Study of the Congruency Effect

AbstractBackgroundSocial interaction relies on the integration and distinction of self and other. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) are two regions consistently associated with social processes. Theories of rTPJ function in social cognition include self-other distinction, self-inhibition, or embodied mental rotation, whereas the dmPFC is associated with a wide range of social functions involving understanding and encoding information pertaining to others. However, to date, no study has provided causal evidence for dissociable roles of the rTPJ and dmPFC in social cognition.Method52 healthy young adults were stratified into two studies and received either dmPFC or rTPJ anodal HD-tDCS in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, repeated measures design. Subjects completed a social cognitive battery measuring self-other processing across an implicit and explicit level one (line-of-sight) and level two (mental rotation) visual perspective taking tasks (VPT), as well as self and other encoding effects on episodic memory in order to test the self-reference effect (SRE).ResultsStimulation of the dmPFC selectively enhanced integration of the other perspective into self as indexed by an increase in congruency effect (incongruent-congruent) across both explicit VPT tasks. It also removed the SRE in episodic memory, indexed by increasing the recognition of other-encoded words and reducing the recognition of self-encoded words. Stimulation of the rTPJ resulted in improved inhibition of the self-perspective during level two VPT only, as indexed by a reduction of the congruency effect when taking the other perspective.ConclusionOur results provide the first causal evidence for dissociable roles of the dmPFC and rTPJ in social cognition. This research supports theories suggesting that rTPJ facilitates embodied mental rotation, whereas the dmPFC integrates information relevant to the other into that of the self.

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Dissociable Roles Within the Social Brain for Self–Other Processing: A HD-tDCS Study

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhy238 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 3642-3654 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A K Martin ◽

J Huang ◽

A Hunold ◽

M Meinzer

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Congruency Effect ◽

Social Information ◽

The Self ◽

Temporoparietal Junction ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Level 2

Abstract Theories of right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) function in social cognition include self–other distinction, self-inhibition, or embodied rotation, whereas the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is associated with integrating social information. However, no study has provided causal evidence for dissociable roles of the rTPJ and dmPFC in social cognition. A total of 52 healthy young adults were stratified to receive either dmPFC or rTPJ anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, repeated measures design. Self–other processing was assessed across implicit and explicit level 1 (line-of-sight) and level 2 (mental rotation) visual perspective taking (VPT) tasks, and self–other effects on memory. DmPFC stimulation selectively increased the influence of the allocentric perspective during egocentric perspective taking, indexed by an increase in congruency effect across explicit VPT tasks. Moreover, dmPFC stimulation removed the self-reference effect in episodic memory by increasing the recognition of other and decreasing the recognition of self-encoded words. Stimulation of the rTPJ resulted in improved inhibition of the egocentric-perspective during level 2 VPT only, indexed by a reduction of the congruency effect when taking the allocentric perspective. This research supports theories suggesting that the rTPJ facilitates embodied mental rotation of the self into an alternate perspective, whereas the dmPFC integrates social information relevant to self-directed processes.

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Problem behavior in autism spectrum disorders: A paradigmatic self-organized perspective of network structures

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18001188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Lucio Tonello ◽

Luca Giacobbi ◽

Alberto Pettenon ◽

Alessandro Scuotto ◽

Massimo Cocchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Problem Behaviors ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

The Self ◽

Network Structures ◽

Self Organized ◽

Critical Equilibrium ◽

Self Organized Criticality ◽

Acute Agitation ◽

Spectrum Disorders

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects can present temporary behaviors of acute agitation and aggressiveness, named problem behaviors. They have been shown to be consistent with the self-organized criticality (SOC), a model wherein occasionally occurring “catastrophic events” are necessary in order to maintain a self-organized “critical equilibrium.” The SOC can represent the psychopathology network structures and additionally suggests that they can be considered as self-organized systems.

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The Nature of Rapidly Extracted Phycocyanin from the Blue-Green Alga Plectonema Boryanum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065870 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 366-367

Author(s):

M. Kessel ◽

R. MacColl

Keyword(s):

Self Assembly ◽

Analytical Ultracentrifugation ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

The Self ◽

Major Protein ◽

Subunit Structure ◽

Blue Green Alga ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Cacodylate Buffer

The major protein of the blue-green algae is the biliprotein, C-phycocyanin (Amax = 620 nm), which is presumed to exist in the cell in the form of distinct aggregates called phycobilisomes. The self-assembly of C-phycocyanin from monomer to hexamer has been extensively studied, but the proposed next step in the assembly of a phycobilisome, the formation of 19s subunits, is completely unknown. We have used electron microscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation in combination with a method for rapid and gentle extraction of phycocyanin to study its subunit structure and assembly.To establish the existence of phycobilisomes, cells of P. boryanum in the log phase of growth, growing at a light intensity of 200 foot candles, were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0, for 3 hours at 4°C. The cells were post-fixed in 1% OsO4 in the same buffer overnight. Material was stained for 1 hour in uranyl acetate (1%), dehydrated and embedded in araldite and examined in thin sections.

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Interrelationship of the cellular distribution and secretion of regular structure (RS) protein in Bacillus licheniformis nm 105

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123969 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 712-713

Author(s):

Xiaorong Zhu ◽

Richard McVeigh ◽

Bijan K. Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Bacillus Licheniformis ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Culture Supernatant ◽

Regular Structure ◽

The Self ◽

Cellular Distribution ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Laboratory Cultures

A mutant of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C, NM 105 exhibits some notable properties, e.g., arrest of alkaline phosphatase secretion and overexpression and hypersecretion of RS protein. Although RS is known to be widely distributed in many microbes, it is rarely found, with a few exceptions, in laboratory cultures of microorganisms. RS protein is a structural protein and has the unusual properties to form aggregate. This characteristic may have been responsible for the self assembly of RS into regular tetragonal structures. Another uncommon characteristic of RS is that enhanced synthesis and secretion which occurs when the cells cease to grow. Assembled RS protein with a tetragonal structure is not seen inside cells at any stage of cell growth including cells in the stationary phase of growth. Gel electrophoresis of the culture supernatant shows a very large amount of RS protein in the stationary culture of the B. licheniformis. It seems, Therefore, that the RS protein is cotranslationally secreted and self assembled on the envelope surface.

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Self-Compassion and Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 2097-2108

Author(s):

Robyn L. Croft ◽

Courtney T. Byrd

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Social Connectedness ◽

The Self ◽

Future Research ◽

Self Compassion ◽

Adults Who Stutter ◽

And Gender ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify levels of self-compassion in adults who do and do not stutter and to determine whether self-compassion predicts the impact of stuttering on quality of life in adults who stutter. Method Participants included 140 adults who do and do not stutter matched for age and gender. All participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale. Adults who stutter also completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Data were analyzed for self-compassion differences between and within adults who do and do not stutter and to predict self-compassion on quality of life in adults who stutter. Results Adults who do and do not stutter exhibited no significant differences in total self-compassion, regardless of participant gender. A simple linear regression of the total self-compassion score and total Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering score showed a significant, negative linear relationship of self-compassion predicting the impact of stuttering on quality of life. Conclusions Data suggest that higher levels of self-kindness, mindfulness, and social connectedness (i.e., self-compassion) are related to reduced negative reactions to stuttering, an increased participation in daily communication situations, and an improved overall quality of life. Future research should replicate current findings and identify moderators of the self-compassion–quality of life relationship.

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AAC Collaboration Using the Self-Anchored Rating Scales (SARS): An Aphasia Case Study

Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication ◽

10.1044/aac21.4.136 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 136-143

Author(s):

Lynn E. Fox

Keyword(s):

Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Therapeutic Process ◽

Family Counseling ◽

The Self ◽

Alternative Communication ◽

Her Family ◽

Solution Focused

Abstract The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique that augments collaboration between Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) interventionists, their clients, and their clients' support networks. SARS is a technique used in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, a branch of systemic family counseling. It has been applied to treating speech and language disorders across the life span, and recent case studies show it has promise for promoting adoption and long-term use of high and low tech AAC. I will describe 2 key principles of solution-focused therapy and present 7 steps in the SARS process that illustrate how clinicians can use the SARS to involve a person with aphasia and his or her family in all aspects of the therapeutic process. I will use a case study to illustrate the SARS process and present outcomes for one individual living with aphasia.

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Practioner Reflection That Enhances Interprofessional Collaborative Practices for Serving Children Who Are Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/persp2.sig9.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (9) ◽

pp. 3-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kristina M. Blaiser ◽

Mary Ellen Nevins

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Professional Practice ◽

Hard Of Hearing ◽

Service Providers ◽

Interprofessional Collaboration ◽

The Self ◽

Self Awareness ◽

Collaborative Practices ◽

Interprofessional Teams ◽

Client Care

Interprofessional collaboration is essential to maximize outcomes of young children who are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH). Speech-language pathologists, audiologists, educators, developmental therapists, and parents need to work together to ensure the child's hearing technology is fit appropriately to maximize performance in the various communication settings the child encounters. However, although interprofessional collaboration is a key concept in communication sciences and disorders, there is often a disconnect between what is regarded as best professional practice and the self-work needed to put true collaboration into practice. This paper offers practical tools, processes, and suggestions for service providers related to the self-awareness that is often required (yet seldom acknowledged) to create interprofessional teams with the dispositions and behaviors that enhance patient/client care.

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