scholarly journals La Méditerranée ou la forme de l’eau // The Mediterranean, or The Shape of Water // El Mediterráneo, o la forma del agua

Author(s):  
Bertrand Westphal

RésuméJadis, un jeune home en quête de sagesse, s’enquit auprès d’un maître taoïste : «  Quelle est la forme de l’eau ? ». Le maître répondit : « L’eau n’a point de forme ; elle prend la forme qu’on lui donne ».Andrea Camilleri, un écrivain originaire de la si méditerranéenne Sicile, s’est souvenu de cette anecdote. Il avait intitulé l’un de ses premiers romans consacrés au commissaire Montalbano La Forme de l’eau. Le dialogue taoïste semble en effet apte à définir la Méditerranée : une mer dépourvue de forme au milieu de beaucoup de terres dont chacune s’efforce paradoxalement d’établir des identités stables.     Dans mon article, je vais tenter de rendre ce paradoxe plus explicite. En fait, la question sera de savoir s’il peut vraiment être résolu ou s’il s’agit d’une aporie, autrement dit d’un paradoxe insoluble. Au cours de cette exploration menée le long des côtes de la Méditerranée, plusieurs questions vont émerger : Quel est le lien entre une culture européenne eurocentrique et la Méditerranée ? Combien de rivages y a-t-il ? Par ailleurs, y a-t-il une relation entre la crise européenne (pas seulement financière) et la Méditerranée ?Qu’en est-il de l’unité de la Méditerranée ? Qu’en est-il des multiples frontières qui en font un lieu hétérogène ? (Cette réflexion nous conduira à suivre le performer mexicain Francis Alÿs.)Qu’y a-t-il au-delà du mythe idyllique d’une Méditerranée bleue ensoleillée et harmonieuse ? Que dire des guerres et des tragédies qui l’endeuillent aujourd’hui ? La question sera abordée à travers le cinéma et, encore une fois, l’œuvre de Francis Alÿs.Quel est le sens de la mer aujourd’hui ? On sollicitera quelques avis autorisés, comme celui du philologue Predrag Matvejević, et l’on réfléchira à la forme liquide des visages que décrit Yoko Tawada.Quel est en outre le rôle du design dans tous ces processus ? Plusieurs questions sont soulevées à ce propos par Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoum et Francis Alÿs. Pour conclure, on se demandera si Homère aurait pu être bolivien. La Méditerranée est-elle toujours dans la Méditerranée ?  Abstract Once, a young man who was in search of wisdom asked a Dao master: “What is the shape of water?” The master answered: “Water has no shape; it takes on the shape that it is given.”  Andrea Camilleri, a very Mediterranean writer from Sicily, remembered this Chinese anecdote, entitling one of the first books in his Montalbano series La forma dell’acqua. Indeed, the Daoist conversation seems appropriate for defining the Mediterranean: a sea without a shape in the middle of many lands, each aspiring paradoxically to establish stable identities.           Through my paper, I will try to make this paradox more explicit, exploring if it may be solved or if, on the contrary, it constitutes an aporia, i.e. a paradox without solution.  During this roundtrip along the shores of the Mediterranean, some questions will emerge:  What is the link between Eurocentric European culture and the Mediterranean? How many shores are there? Furthermore, is there a link between the European crisis (not only the financial one) and the Mediterranean? What about the unity of the Mediterranean? What about the multiple frontiers which make it a heterogeneous place? (This reflection will bring us to the path of the Mexican performer Francis Alÿs.) Is there something beyond the idyllic myth of a sunny and harmonious blue Mediterranean?   What about today’s wars and tragedies? We will take a quick survey via cinema and, once again, Francis Alÿs. What is the meaning of the sea today? This question will be explored with the help of some friends: Mediterranean philology and Predrag Matvejević, as well as the watery shape of the face according to Yoko Tawada. What is the role of design in the above processes? More questions arise among Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoum and… Francis Alÿs. In turn, we are lead to some concluding questions: Could Homer have been a Bolivian poet? Is the Mediterranean still in the Mediterranean?   Resumen   Una vez, un joven que iba en busca de la sabiduría preguntó a un maestro Dao: “¿Cuál es la forma del agua?” El maestro contestó: “El agua no tiene ninguna forma; toma la forma que se le da.” Andrea Camilleri, un escritor siciliano muy mediterráneo, recordó esta anécdota china, al titular uno de sus primeros libros en la serie de Montalbano La forma dell'acqua. Efectivamente, la conversación Daoista parece apropiada para definir el Mediterráneo: un mar sin forma en el medio de muchos países, cada uno de los cuales, paradójicamente, aspira a establecer identidades firmes. Con mi ponencia trataré de hacer más explícita esta paradoja, investigando si es posible resolverla o si, por contra, se trata de una aporía, o sea de una paradoja insoluble. Durante este viaje a lo largo de las costas del Mediterráneo, surgirán algunas preguntas:  1.      ¿Qué relación existe entre la cultura europea eurocentrica y el Mediterráneo? ¿Cuántas costas hay? Y además: ¿hay un nexo entre la crisis europea (no sólo la crisis financiera) y el Mediterráneo? 2.      ¿Qué pasa con la unidad del Mediterráneo? ¿Y las múltiples fronteras que lo convierten en un lugar heterogéneo? (Esta reflexión nos llevará a seguir las huellas/encontrar el camino* del artista mexicano Francis Alÿs.) 3.      ¿Hay algo más allá del mito idílico de un Mediterráneo azul, solar y armonioso? ¿Qué decir de las guerras y las tragedias de nuestros días? Vamos a echar un vistazo vía cinema y, una vez más, Francis Alÿs.  4.      ¿Cuál es el significado del mar, hoy? Este asunto se explorará con la ayuda de algunos amigos: la filología mediterránea y Predrag Matvejević, y también la forma acuosa de la cara, según Yoko Tawada.  5.      ¿Que papel cumple el diseño en los procesos citados arriba? Más preguntas se entrelazan entre Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoun y... Francis Alÿs. A nuestra vez, somos inducidos a poner unas preguntas conclusivas: ¿Homero pudiera haber sido un poeta boliviano? ¿El Mediterráneo está todavía en el Mediterráneo?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Alejandro Fornell Muñoz ◽  
Francisco Guerrero

Within the framework of the new environmental history, this article focuses on the interaction between historical human societies and a given natural environment. Specifically, we study the spatial relationships between wetlands, Roman roads, and contemporary livestock trails, with the aim of verifying the role of wetlands as a support of territory planning since antiquity to the present. The documentation used includes geographical and ecological manuscripts together with ancient sources (texts, archaeology). Our results demonstrate an overlapping that remarks the importance of wetlands in the study area’s territorial ordering during various historical moments. This result also opens the possibility of applying this reality to others parts of the Mediterranean region with the same climatological conditions and a similar history. The clear heritage value of the wetlands are compelling enough to take the necessary protection measures for their conservation in the face of the growing threat of their deterioration and disappearance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-132
Author(s):  
Nagihan Haliloğlu

This article identifies the correspondences that Ibn Khaldun’s concepts of asabiya, mulk and dynasty have in Michel Houellebecq’s 2015 novel Submission. It analyses the work of a contemporary author through the method sketched out by a Muslim scholar of the 14th century, thereby provincializing a European text, and showing the continuities of cultural thought in the Mediterranean. While putting the role of asabiya at the centre, the article deploys Dipesh Chakrabarty’s understanding of provincialization, and Fernand Braudel’s concept of encounters in the Mediterranean. In Submission, Houellebecq describes a France in which a Muslim candidate has become the president. As the perceived source of Western European culture, Mediterranean has become uncanny, and Houellebecq’s novels reflect this uneasy relationship between the continent and the basin. Houellebecq’s narrator reflects how the decline of France and its apparent cultural suicide is due to lack of solidarity between the classes, how White French people are very quick to adopt the ways of the Maghrebi immigrants, and how, ultimately, the Maghrebi immigrants who are now in power will suffer the same loss of vitality as their White French predecessors. These observations comply with the cyclical social behaviour that Ibn Khaldun has mapped out in the Muqaddimah.


2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.


Author(s):  
Ronald Hoinski ◽  
Ronald Polansky

David Hoinski and Ronald Polansky’s “The Modern Aristotle: Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism” shows how the general tendencies of contemporary philosophy of science disclose a return to the Aristotelian emphasis on both the formation of dispositions to know and the role of the mind in theoretical science. Focusing on a comparison of Michael Polanyi and Aristotle, Hoinski and Polansky investigate to what degree Aristotelian thought retains its purchase on reality in the face of the changes wrought by modern science. Polanyi’s approach relies on several Aristotelian assumptions, including the naturalness of the human desire to know, the institutional and personal basis for the accumulation of knowledge, and the endorsement of realism against objectivism. Hoinski and Polansky emphasize the promise of Polanyi’s neo-Aristotelian framework, which argues that science is won through reflection on reality.


Author(s):  
Michael Koortbojian

The ancient Romans famously distinguished between civic life in Rome and military matters outside the city—a division marked by the pomerium, an abstract religious and legal boundary that was central to the myth of the city's foundation. This book explores, by means of images and texts, how the Romans used social practices and public monuments to assert their capital's distinction from its growing empire, to delimit the proper realms of religion and law from those of war and conquest, and to establish and disseminate so many fundamental Roman institutions across three centuries of imperial rule. The book probes such topics as the appearance in the city of Romans in armor, whether in representation or in life, the role of religious rites on the battlefield, and the military image of Constantine on the arch built in his name. Throughout, the book reveals how, in these instances and others, the ancient ideology of crossing the pomerium reflects the efforts of Romans not only to live up to the ideals they had inherited, but also to reconceive their past and to validate contemporary practices during a time when Rome enjoyed growing dominance in the Mediterranean world. The book explores a problem faced by generations of Romans—how to leave and return to hallowed city ground in the course of building an empire.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah ◽  
Abbas Fadel Atwan

The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Landman

A majority of the black community of Dullstroom-Emnotweni in the Mpumalanga highveld in the east of South Africa trace their descent back to the southern Ndebele of the so-called ‘Mapoch Gronden’, who lost their land in the 1880s to become farm workers on their own land. A hundred years later, in 1980, descendants of the ‘Mapoggers’ settled in the newly built ‘township’ of Dullstroom, called Sakhelwe, finding jobs on the railways or as domestic workers. Oral interviews with the inhabitants of Sakhelwe – a name eventually abandoned in favour of Dullstroom- Emnotweni – testify to histories of transition from landowner to farmworker to unskilled labourer. The stories also highlight cultural conflicts between people of Ndebele, Pedi and Swazi descent and the influence of decades of subordination on local identities. Research projects conducted in this and the wider area of the eMakhazeni Local Municipality reveal the struggle to maintain religious, gender and youth identities in the face of competing political interests. Service delivery, higher education, space for women and the role of faith-based organisations in particular seem to be sites of contestation. Churches and their role in development and transformation, where they compete with political parties and state institutions, are the special focus of this study. They attempt to remain free from party politics, but are nevertheless co-opted into contra-culturing the lack of service delivery, poor standards of higher education and inadequate space for women, which are outside their traditional role of sustaining an oppressed community.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lufuluvhi Maria Mudimeli

This article is a reflection on the role and contribution of the church in a democratic South Africa. The involvement of the church in the struggle against apartheid is revisited briefly. The church has played a pivotal and prominent role in bringing about democracy by being a prophetic voice that could not be silenced even in the face of death. It is in this time of democracy when real transformation is needed to take its course in a realistic way, where the presence of the church has probably been latent and where it has assumed an observer status. A look is taken at the dilemmas facing the church. The church should not be bound and taken captive by any form of loyalty to any political organisation at the expense of the poor and the voiceless. A need for cooperation and partnership between the church and the state is crucial at this time. This paper strives to address the role of the church as a prophetic voice in a democratic South Africa. Radical economic transformation, inequality, corruption, and moral decadence—all these challenges hold the potential to thwart our young democracy and its ideals. Black liberation theology concepts are employed to explore how the church can become prophetically relevant in democracy. Suggestions are made about how the church and the state can best form partnerships. In avoiding taking only a critical stance, the church could fulfil its mandate “in season and out of season” and continue to be a prophetic voice on behalf of ordinary South Africans.


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