scholarly journals The Failed Asabiyya and Cultural Suicide in Michel Houellebecq’s Submission

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-132
Author(s):  
Nagihan Haliloğlu

This article identifies the correspondences that Ibn Khaldun’s concepts of asabiya, mulk and dynasty have in Michel Houellebecq’s 2015 novel Submission. It analyses the work of a contemporary author through the method sketched out by a Muslim scholar of the 14th century, thereby provincializing a European text, and showing the continuities of cultural thought in the Mediterranean. While putting the role of asabiya at the centre, the article deploys Dipesh Chakrabarty’s understanding of provincialization, and Fernand Braudel’s concept of encounters in the Mediterranean. In Submission, Houellebecq describes a France in which a Muslim candidate has become the president. As the perceived source of Western European culture, Mediterranean has become uncanny, and Houellebecq’s novels reflect this uneasy relationship between the continent and the basin. Houellebecq’s narrator reflects how the decline of France and its apparent cultural suicide is due to lack of solidarity between the classes, how White French people are very quick to adopt the ways of the Maghrebi immigrants, and how, ultimately, the Maghrebi immigrants who are now in power will suffer the same loss of vitality as their White French predecessors. These observations comply with the cyclical social behaviour that Ibn Khaldun has mapped out in the Muqaddimah.

Author(s):  
Philip V. Bohlman

‘Between myth and history’ begins with the 1932 Cairo Congress in Arab Music. The Arab contingent sought advice on progress, while the European delegates romanticized traditional Arab music. These contradictions, and Islam’s relationship with music, shaped the life-stories of three figures: 14th-century polymath Ibn Khaldūn; 20th-century Egyptian singer Umm Kulthūm; and ethnomusicologist Robert Lachmann, who found musical echoes of Muslim and Jewish pilgrims in Djerba, where he had been expecting to find local music fixed in time by isolation. The Mediterranean has inspired written and sung epics, which were translated into architecture and politics, taking them from myth into history.


Der Islam ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-86
Author(s):  
Matthew Melvin-Koushki

Abstract This study presents and intellectual- and literary-historically contextualizes a remarkable but as yet unpublished treatise by Ibn Turka (d. 1432), foremost occult philosopher of Timurid Iran: the Munāẓara-yi bazm u razm. As its title indicates, this ornate Persian work, written in 1426 in Herat for the Timurid prince-calligrapher Bāysunghur (d. 1433), takes the form of a literary debate, a venerable Arabo-Persian genre that exploded in popularity in the post-Mongol period. Yet it triply transgresses the bounds of its genre, and doubly marries Arabic-Mamluk literary and imperial culture to Persian-Timurid. For here Ibn Turka recasts the munāẓara as philosophical romance and the philosophical romance as mirror for princes, imperializing the razm u bazm and sword vs. pen tropes within an expressly lettrist framework, making explicit the logic of the coincidentia oppositorum (majmaʿ al-aḍdād) long implicit in the genre in order to ideologically weaponize it. For the first time in the centuries-old Arabo-Persian munāẓara tradition, that is, wherein such debates were often rhetorically but never theoretically resolved, Ibn Turka marries multiple opposites in a manner clearly meant to be instructive to his Timurid royal patron: he is to perform the role of Emperor Love (sulṭān ʿishq), transcendent of all political-legal dualities, avatar of the divine names the Manifest (al-ẓāhir) and the Occult (al-bāṭin). This lettrist mirror for Timurid princes is thus not simply unprecedented in Persian or indeed Arabic literature, a typical expression of the ornate literary panache and genre-hybridizing proclivities of Mamluk-Timurid-Ottoman scientists of letters, and index of the burgeoning of Ibn ʿArabian-Būnian lettrism in late Mamluk Cairo; it also serves as key to Timurid universalist imperial ideology itself in its formative phase – and consciously epitomizes the principle of contradiction driving Islamicate civilization as a whole. To show the striking extent to which this munāẓara departs from precedent, I provide a brief overview of the sword vs. pen subset of that genre; I then examine our text’s specific political-philosophical and sociocultural contexts, with attention to Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī’s (d. 1274) Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī and Jalāl al-Dīn Davānī’s (d. 1502) Akhlāq-i Jalālī on the one hand – which seminal Persian mirrors for princes assert, crucially, the ontological-political primacy of love over justice – and the Ẓafarnāma of Sharaf al-Dīn Yazdī (d. 1454), Ibn Turka’s student and friend, on the other. In the latter, much-imitated history Amir Temür (r. 1370‒1405) was definitively transformed, on the basis of astrological and lettrist proofs, into the supreme Lord of Conjunction (ṣāḥib-qirān); most notably, there Yazdī theorizes the Muslim world conqueror as historical manifestation of the coincidentia oppositorum – precisely the project of Ibn Turka in his Debate of Feast and Fight. But these two ideologues of Timurid universal imperialism and leading members of the New Brethren of Purity network only became such in Mamluk Cairo, where lettrism (ʿilm al-ḥurūf) was first sanctified, de-esotericized and adabized; I accordingly invoke the overtly occultist-neopythagoreanizing ethos specific to the Mamluk capital by the late 14th century, especially that propagated at the court of Barqūq (r. 1382‒1399). For it is this Cairene ethos, I argue, that is epitomized by our persophone lettrist’s munāẓara, which it effectively timuridizes. To demonstrate the robustness of this Mamluk-Timurid ideological-literary continuity, I situate the Munāẓara-yi bazm u razm within Ibn Turka’s own oeuvre and imperial ideological program, successively developed for the Timurid rulers Iskandar Sulṭān (r. 1409‒1414), Shāhrukh (r. 1409‒1447) and Ulugh Beg (r. 1409‒1449); marshal three contemporary instances of the sword vs. pen munāẓara, one Timurid and two Mamluk, by the theologian Sayyid Sharīf Jurjānī (d. 1413), the secretary-encyclopedist Aḥmad al-Qalqashandī (d. 1418) and the historian Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406), respectively; and provide an abridged translation of Ibn Turka’s offering as basis for comparative analysis.


Author(s):  
Bertrand Westphal

RésuméJadis, un jeune home en quête de sagesse, s’enquit auprès d’un maître taoïste : «  Quelle est la forme de l’eau ? ». Le maître répondit : « L’eau n’a point de forme ; elle prend la forme qu’on lui donne ».Andrea Camilleri, un écrivain originaire de la si méditerranéenne Sicile, s’est souvenu de cette anecdote. Il avait intitulé l’un de ses premiers romans consacrés au commissaire Montalbano La Forme de l’eau. Le dialogue taoïste semble en effet apte à définir la Méditerranée : une mer dépourvue de forme au milieu de beaucoup de terres dont chacune s’efforce paradoxalement d’établir des identités stables.     Dans mon article, je vais tenter de rendre ce paradoxe plus explicite. En fait, la question sera de savoir s’il peut vraiment être résolu ou s’il s’agit d’une aporie, autrement dit d’un paradoxe insoluble. Au cours de cette exploration menée le long des côtes de la Méditerranée, plusieurs questions vont émerger : Quel est le lien entre une culture européenne eurocentrique et la Méditerranée ? Combien de rivages y a-t-il ? Par ailleurs, y a-t-il une relation entre la crise européenne (pas seulement financière) et la Méditerranée ?Qu’en est-il de l’unité de la Méditerranée ? Qu’en est-il des multiples frontières qui en font un lieu hétérogène ? (Cette réflexion nous conduira à suivre le performer mexicain Francis Alÿs.)Qu’y a-t-il au-delà du mythe idyllique d’une Méditerranée bleue ensoleillée et harmonieuse ? Que dire des guerres et des tragédies qui l’endeuillent aujourd’hui ? La question sera abordée à travers le cinéma et, encore une fois, l’œuvre de Francis Alÿs.Quel est le sens de la mer aujourd’hui ? On sollicitera quelques avis autorisés, comme celui du philologue Predrag Matvejević, et l’on réfléchira à la forme liquide des visages que décrit Yoko Tawada.Quel est en outre le rôle du design dans tous ces processus ? Plusieurs questions sont soulevées à ce propos par Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoum et Francis Alÿs. Pour conclure, on se demandera si Homère aurait pu être bolivien. La Méditerranée est-elle toujours dans la Méditerranée ?  Abstract Once, a young man who was in search of wisdom asked a Dao master: “What is the shape of water?” The master answered: “Water has no shape; it takes on the shape that it is given.”  Andrea Camilleri, a very Mediterranean writer from Sicily, remembered this Chinese anecdote, entitling one of the first books in his Montalbano series La forma dell’acqua. Indeed, the Daoist conversation seems appropriate for defining the Mediterranean: a sea without a shape in the middle of many lands, each aspiring paradoxically to establish stable identities.           Through my paper, I will try to make this paradox more explicit, exploring if it may be solved or if, on the contrary, it constitutes an aporia, i.e. a paradox without solution.  During this roundtrip along the shores of the Mediterranean, some questions will emerge:  What is the link between Eurocentric European culture and the Mediterranean? How many shores are there? Furthermore, is there a link between the European crisis (not only the financial one) and the Mediterranean? What about the unity of the Mediterranean? What about the multiple frontiers which make it a heterogeneous place? (This reflection will bring us to the path of the Mexican performer Francis Alÿs.) Is there something beyond the idyllic myth of a sunny and harmonious blue Mediterranean?   What about today’s wars and tragedies? We will take a quick survey via cinema and, once again, Francis Alÿs. What is the meaning of the sea today? This question will be explored with the help of some friends: Mediterranean philology and Predrag Matvejević, as well as the watery shape of the face according to Yoko Tawada. What is the role of design in the above processes? More questions arise among Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoum and… Francis Alÿs. In turn, we are lead to some concluding questions: Could Homer have been a Bolivian poet? Is the Mediterranean still in the Mediterranean?   Resumen   Una vez, un joven que iba en busca de la sabiduría preguntó a un maestro Dao: “¿Cuál es la forma del agua?” El maestro contestó: “El agua no tiene ninguna forma; toma la forma que se le da.” Andrea Camilleri, un escritor siciliano muy mediterráneo, recordó esta anécdota china, al titular uno de sus primeros libros en la serie de Montalbano La forma dell'acqua. Efectivamente, la conversación Daoista parece apropiada para definir el Mediterráneo: un mar sin forma en el medio de muchos países, cada uno de los cuales, paradójicamente, aspira a establecer identidades firmes. Con mi ponencia trataré de hacer más explícita esta paradoja, investigando si es posible resolverla o si, por contra, se trata de una aporía, o sea de una paradoja insoluble. Durante este viaje a lo largo de las costas del Mediterráneo, surgirán algunas preguntas:  1.      ¿Qué relación existe entre la cultura europea eurocentrica y el Mediterráneo? ¿Cuántas costas hay? Y además: ¿hay un nexo entre la crisis europea (no sólo la crisis financiera) y el Mediterráneo? 2.      ¿Qué pasa con la unidad del Mediterráneo? ¿Y las múltiples fronteras que lo convierten en un lugar heterogéneo? (Esta reflexión nos llevará a seguir las huellas/encontrar el camino* del artista mexicano Francis Alÿs.) 3.      ¿Hay algo más allá del mito idílico de un Mediterráneo azul, solar y armonioso? ¿Qué decir de las guerras y las tragedias de nuestros días? Vamos a echar un vistazo vía cinema y, una vez más, Francis Alÿs.  4.      ¿Cuál es el significado del mar, hoy? Este asunto se explorará con la ayuda de algunos amigos: la filología mediterránea y Predrag Matvejević, y también la forma acuosa de la cara, según Yoko Tawada.  5.      ¿Que papel cumple el diseño en los procesos citados arriba? Más preguntas se entrelazan entre Giò Ponti, Mona Hatoun y... Francis Alÿs. A nuestra vez, somos inducidos a poner unas preguntas conclusivas: ¿Homero pudiera haber sido un poeta boliviano? ¿El Mediterráneo está todavía en el Mediterráneo?


Author(s):  
Kerim Sušić ◽  

The main purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the importance of the method that Ibn Khaldun introduces in Muqaddima. The dimensions of the consequences of its application are particularly reflected through a completely new role of history as a science. For Ibn Khaldun, the new method with clearly established scientific principles should provide a crucial role in understanding the social laws and forces that determine the course of history. In considering Ibn Khaldun’s thought, special attention is paid to the fact that he is an Arab-Islamic thinker from the 14th century, which simply does not allow the study of his doctrine apart from the context of the time that he witnessed.


Author(s):  
Marcin Piatkowski

In this chapter I highlight the critical role of culture in the functioning of political and economic institutions in transition economies. People’s beliefs, stereotypes, mindsets, and unwritten ways of doing things ultimately decide whether institutions are efficient or not. I then focus on the interaction of culture, institutions, and growth in Poland and try to explain why the country’s seemingly conservative culture, which in many respects seems to be at odds with Western European culture, especially as regards religion, has not prevented it from becoming Europe’s growth champion. I argue that it was because of strong elites that internalized Western values, an implicit quid pro quo between the new elites and the more conservative parts of the society to install European institutions and promote Western values in exchange for the promise of economic prosperity, and the generally non-fundamentalist nature of religion in Poland. I also discuss the key roles of individuals, ideas, and luck in Poland’s post-transition performance.


Author(s):  
Michael Koortbojian

The ancient Romans famously distinguished between civic life in Rome and military matters outside the city—a division marked by the pomerium, an abstract religious and legal boundary that was central to the myth of the city's foundation. This book explores, by means of images and texts, how the Romans used social practices and public monuments to assert their capital's distinction from its growing empire, to delimit the proper realms of religion and law from those of war and conquest, and to establish and disseminate so many fundamental Roman institutions across three centuries of imperial rule. The book probes such topics as the appearance in the city of Romans in armor, whether in representation or in life, the role of religious rites on the battlefield, and the military image of Constantine on the arch built in his name. Throughout, the book reveals how, in these instances and others, the ancient ideology of crossing the pomerium reflects the efforts of Romans not only to live up to the ideals they had inherited, but also to reconceive their past and to validate contemporary practices during a time when Rome enjoyed growing dominance in the Mediterranean world. The book explores a problem faced by generations of Romans—how to leave and return to hallowed city ground in the course of building an empire.


Author(s):  
Peter Behnstedt ◽  
Manfred Woidich

This chapter deals with the sedentary dialects of Egypt, excluding the bedouin dialects of Sinai and the Libyan bedouin dialects on the Mediterranean coast. It attempts to combine historical information on the settlement of Arabic tribes in Egypt with accounts of present-day Egyptian dialects and those of the regions from which those tribes came, initially Yemen and the Levant, later Hejaz, and then the Maghreb. The diversity of the Egyptian Arabic dialect area is partly explained by external factors, namely different layers of arabization over centuries. It is also explained by internal factors, namely dialect contact, which implies phenomena such as hyperdialectisms. Egypt is seen as a dialect area in its own right, but one that shows phenomena of a transitional area between the Arab East and West. A case study of Alexandria deals with dialect death. The role of substrata is discussed, but is considered negligible.


Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Martínez-Poveda ◽  
José Antonio Torres-Vargas ◽  
María del Carmen Ocaña ◽  
Melissa García-Caballero ◽  
Miguel Ángel Medina ◽  
...  

Diet-based chemoprevention of cancer has emerged as an interesting approach to evade the disease or even target its early phases, reducing its incidence or slowing down tumor progression. In its basis in the essential role of angiogenesis for tumor growth and metastasis, angioprevention proposes the use of inhibitors of angiogenesis in cancer prevention. The anti-angiogenic potential exhibited by many natural compounds contained in many Mediterranean diet constituents makes this dietary pattern especially interesting as a source of chemopreventive agents, defined within the angioprevention strategy. In this review, we focus on natural bioactive compounds derived from the main foods included in the Mediterranean diet that display anti-angiogenic activity, as well as their possible use as angiopreventive agents.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Giuntoli ◽  
Federico Fabiano ◽  
Susanna Corti

AbstractSeasonal predictions in the Mediterranean region have relevant socio-economic implications, especially in the context of a changing climate. To date, sources of predictability have not been sufficiently investigated at the seasonal scale in this region. To fill this gap, we explore sources of predictability using a weather regimes (WRs) framework. The role of WRs in influencing regional weather patterns in the climate state has generated interest in assessing the ability of climate models to reproduce them. We identify four Mediterranean WRs for the winter (DJF) season and explore their sources of predictability looking at teleconnections with sea surface temperature (SST). In particular, we assess how SST anomalies affect the WRs frequencies during winter focussing on the two WRs that are associated with the teleconnections in which the signal is more intense: the Meridional and the Anticyclonic regimes. These sources of predictability are sought in five state-of-the-art seasonal forecasting systems included in the Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) suite finding a weaker signal but an overall good agreement with reanalysis data. Finally, we assess the ability of the C3S models in reproducing the reanalysis data WRs frequencies finding that their moderate skill increases during ENSO intense years, indicating that this teleconnection is well reproduced by the models and yields improved predictability in the Mediterranean region.


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