scholarly journals Critical Thinking and Debiasing: Experimentation in an Academic Writing Course

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Guy Smith ◽  
John Peloghitis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Writing Course ◽  
And Training

In the last two decades, interest in cognitive biases has rapidly grown across various fields of study. The research so far has shown that cognitive biases have significant and sometimes adverse effects on decision making. Thus, it is increasingly being argued that classroom teaching of critical thinking needs to include instruction and training that help students understand cognitive biases and reduce their negative effects on judgment and decision making. Teaching students to be aware of biases and to develop and maintain strategies to reduce their influence is known as debiasing. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of cognitive biases and a framework for debiasing proposed by Wilson and Brekke (1994). Two approaches, modifying the person and modifying the environment, are discussed to help teachers introduce activities and strategies to mitigate biases. 認知バイアスへの関心は、この20年で様々な領域で急激に高まってきた。認知バイアスが、意思決定に対し有意な影響、時には逆効果を及ぼすことが、これまでの研究で明らかになった。そのため、教室で批判的思考を教える場合も、学生の認知バイアスへの理解に役立ち、認知バイアスが判断力や意思決定に対して及ぼす、時には有害な影響を弱める思考法を教える練習ないし訓練を組み込む必要があるのではないだろうか。学生がバイアスを認識し、その影響を払拭ないし弱める思考法を身につけてそれを維持するよう教えることは、デバイアスという名称で知られている。本稿では、認知バイアスとWilson and Brekke (1994) が提案するデバイアスのプロセスを概観する。教師がバイアスを和らげるための活動と戦略を紹介できるように、人間を修正し、環境を修正するという二つの取り組みについても検討する。

scholarly journals A Joint Construction Practice in an Academic Writing Course in an Indonesian University Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Aunurrahman Aunurrahman ◽  
Fuad Abdul Hamied ◽  
Emi Emilia
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
High Achievers ◽  
Online Review ◽  
Joint Construction ◽  
Writing Course ◽  
Explicit Teaching ◽  
Review Sessions ◽  
Construction Practice

This research aims to explore the students’ writing and critical thinking capacity in a joint construction practice in an academic writing course. The course applied a genre-based approach in teaching academic writing and critical thinking to first-year English as a Foreign Language students of a private university in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A combination of explicit teaching, group discussion, and online review sessions was employed in the joint construction practice for three meetings. The source for the data collection was a jointly constructed text. The text was selected from thirty-six students who worked in groups. Every group consisted of low achievers, medium achievers, and high achievers in writing. The text was analyzed using functional grammar. The analysis shows that the students had gained a good control of the exposition genre with its linguistic features. Thematic progression and logical connectors at the text level and circumstances (adverbs) at the clause level had realized critical thinking skills and dispositions. Several grammatical mistakes and improper lexical choices were identified but did not interfere with the purpose of the text. The findings suggest that having more classroom meetings will make explicit teaching and group discussion work effectively before the students begin to write independently. Moreover, online review sessions can support the students' learning but with limitations.

Exploring How Workplace Factors Are Associated With Role Strain Among Jail Staff: A Replication and Expansion Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1008-1027
Author(s):  
Eric G. Lambert ◽  
Eugene A. Paoline ◽  
Nancy L. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Role Strain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supervisory Support ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Voice Input ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
And Training ◽  
Instrumental Communication

Role strain has many negative outcomes. While the majority of role strain research has focused on its effects, this study explored possible antecedents of role strain among staff at a large, urban Southern jail in the United States. Based on regression analysis of survey data, instrumental communication, views that policy is followed, input into decision-making, formalization, and supervisory support each had significant negative effects on role strain. Administrative support and positive relations with coworkers, however, had nonsignificant effects. Jail administrators should attempt to reduce role strain by creating clear structure of job duties and expectations (formalization), providing staff with a greater organizational voice (input into decision-making), explaining the importance of organizational policies being followed and how they benefit staff, improving the flow of critical information about job and organizational matters (instrumental communication), and training supervisors about how to provide support to their subordinates and reward them for doing so (supervisory support).

scholarly journals Importance and development of Critical Thinking in BA Academic Writing Course

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketevan Gochitashvili ◽  
Giuli Sha bashvili
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Writing Course ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Secondary Information

Critical thinking is a complex phenomenon, that helps the learner to separate relevant information from irrelevant and unnecessary information, to evaluate and explain events and facts, to formulate a clear argument objectively, to deliver the right message to the target audience, and to find ways to solve the problem. Critical thinking is directly related to the teaching of academic writing and is a transferable skill that helps students both to complete other university courses successfully and to build a further professional career. The aim of the paper is to identify the challenges and problems faced by both instructors and students at the university level in Georgia in terms of developing critical thinking skills while teaching/learning an academic writing course. Moreover, the paper presents specific activities to solve the given problems. The paper offers teachers the basic strategies and techniques that can be used to achieve the goals set out in the curriculum. The following research methods are applied: questionnaires and classroom observation.The following factors can be named as limitations of the research: relatively small number of students; The study was conducted for only one semester.The analysis of the questionnaires revealed the following issues related to critical thinking and writing for the students: lack of ability to formulate an objective critical opinion, reliability of sources, formulation of main research questions and hypotheses, generalization, separation of main and secondary information, focus on key issues and formulation of logical coherent conclusions.The paper suggests specific activities and questions for the development of critical thinking that are needed to process a text or information.The use of these approaches and methods should be implemented at different levels of the course. The teacher in advance should design and plan activities that will be used during the class. Critical thinking development activities should be combined with all the assignments and activities covering all the topics of the course. In the process of searching the proper materials, the student should master the techniques of working on sources, the criteria for determining the reliability and relevance of sources. In addition, the student should be able to process a significant amount of materials, merge main and secondary information, paraphrase the information, and integrate it into their own text in accordance with academic standards. As a result, the student should be able to evaluate the material retrieved and present and argue their own position.

Teaching and Assessing Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning Skills in Medical Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-233
Author(s):  
Md. Anwarul Azim Majumder ◽  
Bidyadhar Sa ◽  
Fahad Abdullah Alateeq ◽  
Sayeeda Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Reasoning Skills ◽  
Clinical Reasoning Skills ◽  
And Training

In recent years, there has been more emphasis on developing higher order thinking (e.g., critical thinking and clinical reasoning) processes to tackle the recent trends and challenges in medical education. Critical thinking and clinical reasoning are considered to be the cornerstones for teaching and training tomorrow's doctors. Lack of training of critical thinking and clinical reasoning in medical curricula causes medical students and physicians to use cognitive biases in problem solving which ultimately leads to diagnostic errors later in their professional practice. Moreover, there is no consensus on the most effective teaching model to teach the critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills and even the skill is not effectively tested in medical schools. This chapter will focus on concepts, contemporary theories, implications, issues and challenges, characteristics, various steps, teaching models and strategies, measuring and intervention tools, and assessment modalities of critical thinking and clinical reasoning in medical education settings.

Professional Judgment and Decision Making: The Role of Intention for Impact

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Martindale ◽  
Dave Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Professional Autonomy ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Clinical And Counseling Psychology ◽  
And Training

The field of applied sport psychology has recognized the growing consensus that professional autonomy and discretion brings with it the need to train, regulate, and evaluate practice (Evetts, 2001). However, research into how practitioners’ professional judgment is formed and the decision-making processes involved has not received concurrent attention. This paper illustrates some of the possible outcomes and implications for applied sport psychologists from consideration of Professional Judgment and Decision Making (PJDM) research in other fields such as medicine and teaching and in parallel disciplines such as clinical and counseling psychology. Investigation into the nature of decision content and how the crucial “intention for impact” (Hill, 1992) is formulated carries implications for the assessment, reflective practice, and professional development and training of applied sport psychologists. Future directions in PJDM research are suggested and a call is made for practitioners to be open to involvement in research of this nature.

How Heuristics and Biases Impact Judgment and Decision Making in Well Integrity Operations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin Teodoriu ◽  
Saeed Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Well Control ◽  
Well Integrity

Abstract The contribution of the human factor in major oil and gas accident events is fully-fledged and admitted. The root cause analysis and incident investigation of these accidents reveal that many of them could have been prevented, with the perception that there was a cascade of failures in human factor elements. This is easy to comprehend, as the human factor has not been accentuated thoroughly in this industry and traditionally the focus has been on personnel knowledge and competence. A previous paper presented at OMAE 2018 had a brief overview of well integrity, and the pivotal role of cementing operations in well control. The critical role of human and organizational factors in cementing operations and well control was addressed. Furthermore, an outline of the newly implemented SEMS II regulations was also offered, with insight into adjustments that could enhance this program’s modest requirements. In this paper, the goal is to examine the key heuristics that operational people employ in well integrity procedures. Some of these cognitive biases include status-quo and confirmation biases. Several examples will be discussed to show how underlying biases can lead to improper decisions. Unfortunately, some of these biases have been embedded in companies cultures for several decades now, and are hard to change overnight. Some of these can often lead to tremendous operational costs and not necessary solving the problem. It is highly recommended that training schools consider the problems of psychological biases and start implementing case studies for improvement in judgment and decision making.

scholarly journals How heuristics and cognitive biases affect vaccination decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Mendes Luz ◽  
Paulo Nadanovsky ◽  
Julie Leask
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Parental Compliance ◽  
Vaccination Decision

Abstract: Immunization, the most successful public health intervention to date, can only be effective if eligible individuals or their legal representatives have access to vaccines and subsequently comply with their use. Under-vaccination stems from multiple causes: access, affordability, awareness, acceptance and activation. In this paper, we focus on acceptance and, specifically, on factors pertaining to individual or parental compliance, specifically the psychology of judgment and decision making. We describe how heuristics and cognitive biases - a facet of thoughts and feelings - affect vaccination decision making. Additionally, we address when and how social processes play a role and how attitudes towards vaccines might reflect a more general underlying attitude or ideology. The understanding of how decision making, with regards to vaccines occurs, and the role played by heuristics and cognitive biases can help inform more appropriate public health interventions.

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