Examining the Factor Structure of a Risk Assessment Inventory in Young Offenders: FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

To Engage or Not to Engage with AI for Critical Judgments: How Professionals Deal with Opacity When Using AI for Medical Diagnosis

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies promise to transform how professionals conduct knowledge work by augmenting their capabilities for making professional judgments. We know little, however, about how human-AI augmentation takes place in practice. Yet, gaining this understanding is particularly important when professionals use AI tools to form judgments on critical decisions. We conducted an in-depth field study in a major U.S. hospital where AI tools were used in three departments by diagnostic radiologists making breast cancer, lung cancer, and bone age determinations. The study illustrates the hindering effects of opacity that professionals experienced when using AI tools and explores how these professionals grappled with it in practice. In all three departments, this opacity resulted in professionals experiencing increased uncertainty because AI tool results often diverged from their initial judgment without providing underlying reasoning. Only in one department (of the three) did professionals consistently incorporate AI results into their final judgments, achieving what we call engaged augmentation. These professionals invested in AI interrogation practices—practices enacted by human experts to relate their own knowledge claims to AI knowledge claims. Professionals in the other two departments did not enact such practices and did not incorporate AI inputs into their final decisions, which we call unengaged “augmentation.” Our study unpacks the challenges involved in augmenting professional judgment with powerful, yet opaque, technologies and contributes to literature on AI adoption in knowledge work.

Safety, Effectiveness, and Professional Judgment: A Survey of Training-Related Perspectives Among Physiotherapists Who Practise Acupuncture in Ontario

Purpose: Physiotherapists practise various forms of acupuncture worldwide, but no international consensus exists as to the appropriate duration of related training programs. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to characterize the training-related backgrounds and views of acupuncture-practising physiotherapists. Method: A total of 426 physiotherapists who practised acupuncture in Ontario completed an online survey that included training-related items and an open-ended question (39 provided training-related responses). Statistical analyses included multivariate and multinomial logistical regression models. Thematic analysis was used to interpret respondents’ textual responses to the open-ended question. Results: Respondents, who practised predominantly Western medical acupuncture, dry needling, or both, had completed acupuncture-related training programs ranging from < 25 to ≥ 300 hours. Those who had completed programs lasting > 100 hours were significantly more likely to self-report excellent clinical results and an enhanced ability both to recruit and retain patients and to earn a higher income. They were also more likely to endorse longer trainings as necessary for safe and effective patient care. Respondents to the open-ended question expressed a range of views, including the need for more stringent training requirements. Conclusions: PT regulatory requirements for longer (>100 hour) acupuncture trainings may better support clinical effectiveness and safety, patient satisfaction, and professional outcomes.

Happiness at work: A cross-cultural validation of happiness at work scale

The idea of Happiness at Work is drawn from psychology and economic studies. It is often considered as a synonym with ‘wellbeing’ and defined as a state characterized by a high level of life satisfaction, a high level of positive emotions, and less negative emotions. This research aims to validate the Happiness at Work scale in the Indonesian context. In this study, the researchers conducted cross-cultural adaptation for the Happiness at Work scale following systematic procedures to produce the Scale of Happiness at Work in the Indonesian language. Afterward, the researchers evaluated the content validity with the help of professional judgment and measured the Content Validity Index at the item level and the scale level. Further, to examine the psychometric properties of the Happiness at Work scale, the researchers administer the questionnaire to a sample of 105 (35 male and 70 female) lecturers to conduct exploratory factor analysis to formulate the new dimensionality of the Happiness at Work scale. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated that Happiness at Work in the Indonesian context could be measured using four dimensions. To confirm that the extracted dimensions measure a single construct, the researchers administered the produced version to a sample of 370 (147 male and 223 female). Afterward, researchers conducted confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the validity and reliability of the measurement model. This research found out that the Indonesian version of Happiness at Work measurement is reliable and valid. Thus, this study may contribute to the happiness at work literature of non-western context. In conclusion, the Indonesian-Happiness at Work scale shows robust psychometric properties that can be used for further research.

More than a matter of qualification: Teachers’ thoughts on the purpose of social studies and history teaching in vocational preparation programmes in Swedish upper-secondary school

The aim of this article is to increase our understanding of how history and social studies teachers in vocational preparation programmes (VET) in Sweden relate to the obligation of preparing students for their future lives as citizens. Previous research on VET programmes has primarily emphasised predetermined roles of education. Different critical perspectives have established how different VET practices contribute to reproducing specific values and a type of knowledge that leaves less room for students to act as independent subjects. In part, the findings of this article contribute to problematising such a description. In a series of interviews, teachers expressed what can best be described as a clear will to prepare students for a future as broadminded and tolerant citizens. The multi-perspective approach emphasised by these teachers not only illustrates the socialisation and qualification functions of education, it also gives prominence to the importance of student subjectification. Furthermore, this article stresses that the teachers do not view the question of the purpose of their subjects in terms of either/or. Rather, it suggests they see their obligations as a matter of professional judgment and customised responses to unique didactic situations.

The impact of performance audit planning on the generation of added value, management of public financial resources and heritage. Theoretical aspects and practical approaches

The performance audit is an effective instrument in the process of managing public money by analyzing a border range of matters, conducting an objective and independent evaluation of the extent to which public funding is used using the principles of economy, efficiency, effectiveness. The progress of performance audit in the Republic of Moldova is as well a priority because the allocation of public resources takes place to achieve social and economic objectives, but having regard to that resources are limited and allocated as a result of setting priorities and needs, they are managed based on the principles of "3E". In this regard, the auditors, at the performance audit planning stage, exclude the risk that the audit activities will not be proficient or efficacious, and the results of the audit will not add value to the public entity in managing public financial resources and public heritage. The author, in this study, examines the quality assurance of the processes performed during the performance audit planning stage and proposes to the auditors the use of other tools practiced in developed countries in selecting entities/programs or activities for auditing with the implementation of professional judgment.

The Readability Level of Reading Texts in Erlangga Straight Point Series: English for Eleventh Grade Students

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aims to describe the readability level of reading texts in <em>ESPS: English</em> for the 11^th grade students. The measurement tools were Coh-Metrix RDL2, Miyazaki EFL Reading Index and teachers’ professional judgment. The formula were effective in measuring the texts readability by calculating the number of words, letters, and sentences in the text. The Score of Coh-Metrix RDL2 showed that the reading texts was easier for reading level of 11^th graders. MEFLRI claimed that reading texts in <em>ESPS</em> textbook are match for reading level of 11^th graders. Teachers’ judgment claimed, the texts were suitable for eleventh grade students.</p><strong>Abstrak:<em> </em></strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tingkat keterbacaan 19 teks bacaan dalam <em>ESPS: English</em> untuk siswa kelas 11. Tiga alat ukur digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat keterbacaan yakni Coh-Metrix RDL2 dan Miyazaki EFL Reading Index, dan penilaian guru. Kedua formula terbukti efektif dalam mengukur keterbacaan teks dengan menghitung total huruf, kata, dan kalimat dalam teks. Coh-Metrix menunjukkan bahwa teks bacaan lebih mudah dipahami oleh siswa pada kelas 11, sedangkan MEFLRI menunjukkan bahwa teks bacaan sangat cocok diberikan pada kelas 11. Penilaian guru menyatakan teks bacaan sesuai untuk siswa kelas 11.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Utilization of Dental Services: A Systematic Review

Emergency Department (ED) visits result from urgent conditions and instances caused by disease, disaster, accidents, or injury and require immediate medical attention. Today, emergency dental services are becoming an integral and crucial facet of properly functioning healthcare systems. Dental emergency visits are a risky undertaking when the COVID-19 epidemic is decimating global health systems. Emergencies in dental care are possibly life-threatening occurrences and demand instant attention to curb infection, severe pain, and tissue bleeding. Examples of these conditions include trauma affecting different facial bones, bacterial infection on soft tissues or cellulitis, and uncontrolled bleeding. Today, given the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, all providers need to use their professional judgment to determine the need for emergency or urgent care for a patient. Consequently, this systematic review of literature reviews the implications of the COVID-19 epidemic on the use of dental services in different care facilities across the nation.

TO THE PROBLEM OF THE METHODOLOGICAL INCORRECTNESS OF THE SUBSTANCE OVER FORM PRINCIPLE IN MODERN ACCOUNTING IN THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CONTEXT

The article analyzes the historical process and factors contributing to the formation and development of the substance over form principle in both domestic and global accounting practice, its impact on doing business in specific countries and in international business. The organization and maintenance of accounting is based on a set of accounting principles that should ensure that economic events are properly accounted for and, as a result, converted into financial statements, which serve as a source of information for management decisions by various users of financial and economic information, international entities among them. Among these principles we can name the one of the substance over form. The philosophical basis for defining and applying the substance over form principle has been studied. It is discovered that the definition of the substance over form principle combines dialectically incompatible concepts. Namely, a set of internal, stable and defining links reflecting the main features and development trends of objects and processes (in this case, accounting and financial reporting in business transactions) prevails over the mode of existence and expression of meaning, organization and structure of accounting and financial statements. Such a combination of dialectically incompatible categories may lead to different interpretations of the substance of accounting records and, as a result, of the content of the financial statements. Cases of applying and using the substance over the form principle both in normative documents and in real-life accounting are considered. The main advantages and disadvantages of the application of the substance over form principle in the theory and practice of accounting while performing financial and economic activities and doing international business are analyzed. The research has shown that the application of the substance over form principle increases subjectivity in accounting and is largely determined by the qualifications of the accountant doing professional judgment and their moral and ethical qualities. The main causes of conflict situations while applying the substance over form principle are identified and ways to overcome the existing contradictions arising in the process of reflecting economic events in accounting between their legal (documentary) design and economic content are suggested. Keywords: methodology, principle, substance, content, form, accounting, international business, international relations. JEL Classification B41, M41, F23, F50 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 25.

Exploring the role of faculty and staff mentors in fostering ethical leadership among undergraduate students: “We have to narrow the distance”

PurposeThe purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to identify the aspects that faculty, student affairs educators and students indicate as salient for effective mentoring relationships that enhance ethical leadership development.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory qualitative inquiry used the Relational-Ethical-Affective-Dialogic (READ) mentoring model as a framework to examine the experiences of 13 undergraduate mentees and faculty/staff mentors in a formal mentoring program. Each study participant engaged in one semi-structured interview. Researchers coded and analyzed data using the sort and sift, think and shift process identifying power quotes to guide the thematic analysis.FindingsThe data collected in this study revealed insights into the aspects of mentor relationships that both undergraduate mentees and their mentors perceived as contributing to students' ethical leadership development. Salient elements included: (1) relational features of the mentee-mentor dynamic including trust and reciprocity; (2) structural features of the mentoring program including its focus on ethics; and (3) mentoring approaches that were attentive to power and positionality within the mentoring relationship and involved professional judgment about self-disclosure.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by exploring effective mentoring for ethical leadership development across disciplines. With colleges and universities serving a vital role in preparing the next generation of leaders for ethical engagement in their democratic and professional roles after graduation, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how faculty and staff can support students' ethical leadership development.