scholarly journals Relative frequency of attribute relevance and response times in visual search

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Stone ◽  
Shirley C. Peeke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Response Times

scholarly journals Visual search behavior and performance in luggage screening: effects of time pressure, automation aid, and target expectancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Rieger ◽  
Lydia Heilmann ◽  
Dietrich Manzey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
High Time ◽  
Luggage Screening ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Automated Support

AbstractVisual inspection of luggage using X-ray technology at airports is a time-sensitive task that is often supported by automated systems to increase performance and reduce workload. The present study evaluated how time pressure and automation support influence visual search behavior and performance in a simulated luggage screening task. Moreover, we also investigated how target expectancy (i.e., targets appearing in a target-often location or not) influenced performance and visual search behavior. We used a paradigm where participants used the mouse to uncover a portion of the screen which allowed us to track how much of the stimulus participants uncovered prior to their decision. Participants were randomly assigned to either a high (5-s time per trial) or a low (10-s time per trial) time-pressure condition. In half of the trials, participants were supported by an automated diagnostic aid (85% reliability) in deciding whether a threat item was present. Moreover, within each half, in target-present trials, targets appeared in a predictable location (i.e., 70% of targets appeared in the same quadrant of the image) to investigate effects of target expectancy. The results revealed better detection performance with low time pressure and faster response times with high time pressure. There was an overall negative effect of automation support because the automation was only moderately reliable. Participants also uncovered a smaller amount of the stimulus under high time pressure in target-absent trials. Target expectancy of target location improved accuracy, speed, and the amount of uncovered space needed for the search.Significance Statement Luggage screening is a safety–critical real-world visual search task which often has to be done under time pressure. The present research found that time pressure compromises performance and increases the risk to miss critical items even with automation support. Moreover, even highly reliable automated support may not improve performance if it does not exceed the manual capabilities of the human screener. Lastly, the present research also showed that heuristic search strategies (e.g., areas where targets appear more often) seem to guide attention also in luggage screening.

scholarly journals Color Can Shorten Breakthrough Times in Continuous Flash Suppression through Increased Salience and Task Relevance

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Christian Valuch
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Interocular Suppression ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
And Task

Color can enhance the perception of relevant stimuli by increasing their salience and guiding visual search towards stimuli that match a task-relevant color. Using Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS), the current study investigated whether color facilitates the discrimination of targets that are difficult to perceive due to interocular suppression. Gabor patterns of two or four cycles per degree (cpd) were shown as targets to the non-dominant eye of human participants. CFS masks were presented at a rate of 10 Hz to the dominant eye, and participants had the task to report the target’s orientation as soon as they could discriminate it. The 2-cpd targets were robustly suppressed and resulted in much longer response times compared to 4-cpd targets. Moreover, only for 2-cpd targets, two color-related effects were evident. First, in trials where targets and CFS masks had different colors, targets were reported faster than in trials where targets and CFS masks had the same color. Second, targets with a known color, either cyan or yellow, were reported earlier than targets whose color was randomly cyan or yellow. The results suggest that the targets’ entry to consciousness may have been speeded by color-mediated effects relating to increased (bottom-up) salience and (top-down) task relevance.

When visual search target is rare: overweighting or under weighting the probability?

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1520-1524
Author(s):  
Hanshu Zhang ◽  
Joseph W. Houpt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Target Presence ◽  
Model Assumption ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Low Prevalence

The prevalence of items in visual search may have substantial performance consequences. In laboratory visual search tasks in which the target is rare, viewers are likely to miss the target. A dual-threshold model proposed by Wolfe and Van Wert (2010) assumes that in the low prevalence condition, viewers shift their criteria resulting in more miss errors. However, from the prospective of prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), decision makers tend to overweight small probability. To explore how viewers subjectively weight the probability in the low prevalence visual search task, we compared viewers’ criteria with the optimal criteria by presenting different probability descriptions for a fixed prevalence rate. The data from this experiment indicated that target presence had an effect on viewers’ accuracy and response times but not probability descriptions. Viewers’ criteria under different probability descriptions were higher than optimal. These results are in accordance with the dual-threshold model assumption that viewers respond “target absent” more frequently than optimal, leading to more miss errors in the low prevalence condition.

A Search for Search Asymmetry in Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Tomonaga
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Display Size ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Search Asymmetry ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Other Hand

Two chimpanzees and two humans were trained on visual search tasks with several sets of geometric forms composed of 1 and 2 elements (graphemes). When the double-grapheme item was the target and single grapheme item was the distractor, both chimpanzees and humans searched the target quickly irrespective of the display size. On the other hand, when the single-grapheme item was the target and double-grapheme item was the distractor, they showed an increase in response times as a function of the display size on some sets of stimuli. These results were considered as evidence for search asymmetry by chimpanzees.

Auditory Monitoring of up to Eight Simultaneous Sources

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis J. Folds ◽  
Jeffrey M. Gerth
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Moderate Density ◽  
Auditory Monitoring ◽  
Launch Event ◽  
Very High

The present research examined visual and auditory monitoring of independent, concurrent sources. Subjects monitored from one to eight concurrent visual indicators for the occurrence of a “launch” event. Five between-groups conditions were studied: a visual-only group, plus four audiovisual groups that differed in the amount of information provided over the auditory channel. Accuracy scores were very high for all groups. Response times showed an overall increase with display density (number of concurrent sources). A significant group x density interaction revealed an advantage of one of the audiovisual conditions compared to the visual-only group at moderate density levels (5 or 6 concurrent sources), but not at lower or higher density levels. This finding probably indicates the value of an auditory signal to reduce visual search time.

scholarly journals Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Papesh ◽  
Michael C. Hout ◽  
Juan D. Guevara Pinto ◽  
Arryn Robbins ◽  
Alexis Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Hybrid Search ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Visual Span ◽  
Change Behavior ◽  
Fixation Probabilities ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractDomain-specific expertise changes the way people perceive, process, and remember information from that domain. This is often observed in visual domains involving skilled searches, such as athletics referees, or professional visual searchers (e.g., security and medical screeners). Although existing research has compared expert to novice performance in visual search, little work has directly documented how accumulating experiences change behavior. A longitudinal approach to studying visual search performance may permit a finer-grained understanding of experience-dependent changes in visual scanning, and the extent to which various cognitive processes are affected by experience. In this study, participants acquired experience by taking part in many experimental sessions over the course of an academic semester. Searchers looked for 20 categories of targets simultaneously (which appeared with unequal frequency), in displays with 0–3 targets present, while having their eye movements recorded. With experience, accuracy increased and response times decreased. Fixation probabilities and durations decreased with increasing experience, but saccade amplitudes and visual span increased. These findings suggest that the behavioral benefits endowed by expertise emerge from oculomotor behaviors that reflect enhanced reliance on memory to guide attention and the ability to process more of the visual field within individual fixations.

scholarly journals Negative Emotional Valence Intensity Affects Visual Target Detection in the Information Encoding Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Takeshima
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have not yet investigated sufficiently the relationship between visual processing and negative emotional valence intensity, which is the degree of a dimensional component included in emotional information. In Experiment 1, participants performed a visual search task with three valence levels: neutral (control) and high- and low-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli (both angry faces). Results indicated that response times for high-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli were shorter than low-intensity ones. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to detect a target face among successively presented faces. Facial stimuli were the same as in Experiment 1. Results revealed that accuracy was higher for angry faces than for neutral faces. However, performance did not differ as a function of negative emotional valence intensity. Overall, the task performance differences between negative emotional valence intensities were observed in visual search, but not in attentional blink. Therefore, negative emotional valence intensity likely contributes to the process of efficient visual information encoding.

Covert Visual Search

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Engelke ◽  
Andreas Duenser ◽  
Anthony Zeater
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Guided Search

Selective attention is an important cognitive resource to account for when designing effective human-machine interaction and cognitive computing systems. Much of our knowledge about attention processing stems from search tasks that are usually framed around Treisman's feature integration theory and Wolfe's Guided Search. However, search performance in these tasks has mainly been investigated using an overt attention paradigm. Covert attention on the other hand has hardly been investigated in this context. To gain a more thorough understanding of human attentional processing and especially covert search performance, the authors have experimentally investigated the relationship between overt and covert visual search for targets under a variety of target/distractor combinations. The overt search results presented in this work agree well with the Guided Search studies by Wolfe et al. The authors show that the response times are considerably more influenced by the target/distractor combination than by the attentional search paradigm deployed. While response times are similar between the overt and covert search conditions, they found that error rates are considerably higher in covert search. They further show that response times between participants are stronger correlated as the search task complexity increases. The authors discuss their findings and put them into the context of earlier research on visual search.

Gaze Linking in Visual Search: A Help or a Hindrance?

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1376-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Messmer ◽  
Nathan Leggett ◽  
Melissa Prince ◽  
Jason S. McCarley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
Serial Search ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Computer Monitors

Gaze linking allows team members in a collaborative visual task to scan separate computer monitors simultaneously while their eye movements are tracked and projected onto each other’s displays. The present study explored the benefits of gaze linking to performance in unguided and guided visual search tasks. Participants completed either an unguided or guided serial search task as both independent and gaze-linked searchers. Although it produced shorter mean response times than independent search, gaze linked search was highly inefficient, and gaze linking did not differentially affect performance in guided and unguided groups. Results suggest that gaze linking is likely to be of little value in improving applied visual search.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document