Differences between rod-and-frame test distributions of psychiatric inpatients and college students: A partial resolution

The description of Witkin's field-independent individuals as those who tend to be analytical, logical, and able to extract subtle aspects from problems for analysis bears a close resemblance to the description of engineering job functions. It was therefore hypothesized that engineers would be more field-independent than Witkin's standardization sample. It was determined that 46 engineers and technicians were significantly more field independent, as measured by the rod-and-frame test, than Witkin's standardization sample. Alternate explanations for the obtained results are discussed, including intelligence, sampling, and shift to adult status.

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Effects of Birth order, Sex, and Family Size on Field Dependence and Locus of Control

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1974.39.1.671 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 671-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Paul A. Roodin ◽

Andrew Broughton ◽

Glen M. Vaught

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

Birth Order ◽

Field Dependence ◽

Family Size ◽

Control Scale ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The effects of birth order, sex, and family size were assessed on college students' performance on the rod-and-frame test and locus-of-control scale. No significant effects were obtained except for sex. These data were similar to other studies which failed to find any significant relationships between birth order and personality. The results were discussed in terms of current issues in the birth-order literature.

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Intertrial Variability by Psychiatric Inpatients on the Rod and Frame Test

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1976.43.3.947 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 947-950

Author(s):

Stanley Berent ◽

Thomas J. Boll ◽

D. Bruce Carter ◽

Paul C. Wilkins

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Psychiatric Inpatients ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

This paper points out the importance of considering intertrial variability of a subject's performance on the rod-and-frame task. It is argued that such variability has significant implications for cognitive-perceptual constructs such as field-dependence—independence. For illustration, scores on the rod and frame are presented for a group of 32 psychiatric inpatients.

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Rate of Optokinetic Nystagmus to the Left and Right and Performance on the Portable Rod and Frame Test

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1981.52.2.407 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 407-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Barbara A. Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Left Hemisphere ◽

Test Performance ◽

Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽

The Other ◽

Male College ◽

Left And Right ◽

And Performance ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Deviations from the true vertical on the Rod and Frame Test were studied in relation to optokinetic nystagmus response during varied mental activities in 14 right-handed male college students. Judgment of the vertical was more accurate for 7 subjects whose frequency of optokinetic nystagmus was high or low in both directions than for those 7 whose optokinetic nystagmus frequency was high in one direction and low in the other. Asymmetries in the degree to which subjects' optokinetic nystagmus frequency was raised during periods when they were instructed to perform presumed left-hemisphere mental tasks were related to asymmetries in their Rod and Frame Test performance.

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Intratest and Sex Differences on a Portable Rod-and-Frame Test

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1971.32.3.727 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 727-733 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Martin E. Morf ◽

Robert D. Kavanaugh ◽

Marc Mc Conville

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Energy Level ◽

Personality Inventory ◽

Female College Students ◽

Men And Women ◽

Female College ◽

Scale Scores ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Portable Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) scores and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) scale scores were obtained for 41 male and 41 female college students. Two partial RFT scores were computed: the summed deviations of RFT Trials 1 to 8 and RFT Trials 9 to 16. The results suggest that RFT performance of men and women is a function of different determinants and that, at least for men, performance on Trials 1 to 8 is a function of different determinants than performance on Trials 9 to 16. To explain a major portion of the variance of RFT performance an arousal interpretation appears useful for men and an interpretation in terms of energy level for women.

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Cognitive Style, Attention, and Learning

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1971.32.1.315 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 315-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul L. Wachtel

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Nonsense Syllable ◽

Learning Task ◽

Task Orientation ◽

Field Independent ◽

Male College ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame ◽

Male College Students

46 male college students were administered both the Rod-and-frame test (RFT) and a learning task, consisting of learning the nonsense-syllable “names” arbitrarily assigned to a series of complex designs. RFT performance was unrelated to learning the names of the over-all designs, but good performance on the RFT was associated with better ability to identify part-aspects of the designs. Results were discussed in terms of the greater ability of field-independent individuals to extract aspects of their experience from an embedding context, as well as their greater task orientation.

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ROD and Frame Test Scores and Verbalized Strategies

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1984.58.1.255 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 255-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros ◽

Lilianne Manning

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Test Scores ◽

Cognitive Strategies ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame ◽

Dark Room

The cognitive strategies used by 31 college students, 15 men and 16 women, while solving the Rod and Frame Test in a dark room were evaluated. These strategies were analyzed in terms of the subjects' performance on the task. Those who scored lower and who were better performers on the task, used significantly more “internal” strategies than those subjects with higher scores (worse performers) who in turn employed a great number of “external” strategies in solving the task.

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Field Dependence among Male Alcoholics: Establishing Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1974.39.2.1015 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 1015-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

George R. Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Normative Data ◽

Psychiatric Inpatients ◽

Perceptual Style ◽

Normal Males ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

145 hospitalized male alcoholics were tested in standardized fashion on the Rod-and-Frame Test as a first step in the accumulation of normative data on perceptual style among such populations. Their performance was contrasted with that of normal males and male psychiatric inpatients.

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Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1966.22.2.543 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 543-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Frank Haronian ◽

A. Arthur Sugerman

Keyword(s):

Short Form ◽

Necker Cube ◽

Normal Male ◽

Field Independence ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Following Instructions ◽

Independence Results ◽

Male University Students ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The more successful 102 normal male university students were in following instructions to resist fluctuations of the Necker cube, the more field-independently they scored on both Series III of the rod-and-frame test ( r = .28) and on Jackson's short form of the embedded-figures test ( r = .24). Under neutral instructions, the correlations were nil. Results support prior findings that a small but significant portion of the variance of Necker cube fluctuations under instructions to control the rate of shift is related to scores of field independence. Results support Jackson's finding that ability to control the rate of shift is not related to intelligence.

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Spanish Children's Scores on Children's Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1259 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1259-1263 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽

Teresa Kirchner-Nebot

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Test Scores ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Embedded Figures ◽

Measure Field ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Rod and Frame Test were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls of an average age of 9.03 years to measure field dependence-independence. No significant gender-related differences were found on either test. Scores on these tests were moderately and significantly correlated.

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